CHAPTER VIII. 
FISH. 
Although we here pass into the snb-kingdom of animals 
the intelligence of which immeasurably surpasses that of the 
other sub-kingdoms, it is remarkable that these lowest 
representatives of the higher group are psychologically in- 
ferior to some of the higher members of the lower groups. 
Neither in its instincts nor in general intelligence can 
any fish be compared with an ant or a bee — a fact which 
shows how slightly a psychological classification of animals 
depends upon zoological affinity, or even morphological or- 
ganisation. For although a highly competent authority, 
namely Van Baer, has said that a bee is as highly organised 
an animal as a fish, though on a different type, 1 no one would 
be found to assert that an ant or a bee is so much more 
highly organised than a fish as its higher intelligence 
would require, supposing degrees of intelligence to sfand 
in necessary relation to degree of organic development. 
And this consideration is not materially altered if, instead 
of regarding the whole organism, we look to the nervous 
system alone. There is no doubt that the cerebral hemi- 
spheres of a fish, although small as compared with these 
organs in the higher Vertebrata, are, bulk for bulk, 
enormous as compared with the oesophageal ganglia or 
6 brain 5 of an insect ; while the disproportion becomes 
still greater if the cerebral hemispheres of a fish are com- 
pared with their supposed analogues in the brain of an 
ant, viz., the pedunculated and convoluted lobes which 
surmount the cephalic ganglion. But here the relative 
smallness of the ant as a whole must be taken into con- 
1 Phil . Frags translated by Huxley, Taylor's Mag., 1853, p. 196. 
