FISH — ANGER, JEALOUSY, CURIOSITY, ETC. 247 
the trespasser, show rage and fury in every movement. 
Of course, here, as elsewhere, it is impossible to be sure 
how far apparent expression of an emotion is due to the 
presence of that mental state which we recognise as the 
emotion in ourselves ; but still the best guide we have to 
follow is that of apparent expression. 
Following this principle, we are also entitled to at- 
tribute to fish the emotions conducive to play; for nothing 
can well be more expressive of sportive glee than many of 
their movements. As for jealousy, the fights of many 
male fish for the possession of females constitutes evi- 
dence of emotion which would be called by this name in 
the higher animals. Schneider, in his recent work already 
often quoted, says that he has observed a male fi sh ( Lccbrus ) 
show jealousy only towards other individual males of his 
own species — chasing these away from the neighbourhood 
of his female, but not objecting to the approach of fish of 
other species. 
Curiosity is shown by the readiness, or even eagerness, 
with which fish will approach to examine any unfamiliar 
object. So much is this the case that fishermen, like 
hunters, sometimes trade upon this faculty: — 
And the fisher, with his lamp 
And spear, about the low rocks damp 
Crept, and struck the fish which came 
To worship the delusive flame. 1 
Stephenson, the engineer, on sinking lighted lanterns 
in the water, also found that fish were attracted to them. 2 
Special Habits . 
As curious instances of special instincts in fish we may 
notice the well-known habit of the angler ( Lophius pis - 
cator\ which conceals itself in mud and seaweed, while 
waving in the water certain filaments with which it is 
provided above its snout. Other fish, attracted by these 
moving objects, approach, and are thereupon seized by the 
1 Shelley, Lines verities in, the Bay of Lerici . 
2 See Smiles, Lives of Engineers, vol. iii., p. 69. 
