ELEPHANT — MEMORY AND EMOTIONS. 387 
was carrying baggage, take fright at the smell of a tiger 
and run off. Eighteen months afterwards this elephant 
was recognised by its keepers among a herd of wild com- 
panions, which had been captured and were confined in an 
enclosure. But when anyone approached the animal he 
struck out with his trunk, and seemed as fierce as any of 
the wild herd. An old hunter then mounted a tame 
elephant, went up to the feral one, seized his ear and 
ordered him to lie down. Immediately the force of old 
associations broke through all opposition, the word of 
command w T as obeyed, and the elephant while lying down 
gave a certain peculiar squeak which he had been known 
to utter in former days. The same author gives another 
and more interesting account of an elephant which, after 
having been for only two years tamed, ran wild for fifteen 
years, and on being then recaptured, remembered in all 
details the words of command. This, with several other 
well-authenticated facts of the same kind , 1 shows that the 
elephant certainly has an exceedingly tenacious memory, 
rendering credible the statement of Pliny, that in their 
more advanced age these animals recognise men who w T ere 
their drivers when young . 2 
Emotions . 
Concerning emotions, the elephant seems to be usually 
actuated by the most magnanimous of feelings. Even his 
proverbial vindictiveness appears only to be excited under 
a sense of remembered injustice. The universally known 
story of the tailor and the elephant doubtless had a 
foundation in fact, for there are several authentic cases on 
record of elephants resenting injuries in precisely the 
same way ; 3 and Captain Shipp 4 personally tested the 
matter by giving to an elephant a sandwich of bread, 
butter, and cayenne pepper. He then waited for six 
1 See Bingley, loc. cit., vol. i., pp. 148-51. 
2 Hist. Nat., viii., 5. 
3 For these and other cases of vindictiveness, see Bingley, loc. cit, 
vol. i., pp. 156-8. 
4 Memoirs , vol. i., p. 448. 
