ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
120 ' 
CHAPTER XV, 
FOXES, WOLVES, JACKALS, ETC. 
The general psychology of these animals is, of course, 
very much the same as that of the dog ; but, from never 
having been submitted to the influences of domestication, 
their mental qualities present a sufficient number of 
differences from those of the dog to require another 
chapter for their consideration. 
If we could subtract from the domestic dog all the 
emotions arising from his prolonged companionship with 
man, and at the same time intensify the emotions of self- 
reliance, rapacity, &c., we should get the emotional 
character now presented by the wolves and jackals. 
It is interesting to note that this genetic similarity of 
emotional character extends to what may be termed 
idiosyncratic details in cases where it has not been 
interfered with by human agency. Thus the peculiar, 
weird, and unaccountable class of emotions which cause 
wolves to bay at the moon has been propagated unchanged 
to our domestic dogs. 
The intelligence of the fox is proverbial ; but as I 
have not received many original observations on this 
head, I shall merely refer to some of the best authen- 
ticated observations already published, and shall begin 
with the instance narrated by Mr. St. John in his 6 Wild 
Sports of the Highlands ’ : — 
When living in Ross-, shire I went out one morning in July, 
before daybreak, to endeavour to shoot a stag, which had been 
complained of very much by an adjoining farmer, as having 
done great damage to his crops. Just after it was daylight I 
saw a large fox coming quietly along the edge of the plantation 
