432 
ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 
and looked calmly at us, as if he knew we were friends. In 
fact, we had some little difficulty in getting him to move away, 
which he did readily enough when he chose. Was not this a 
case of reason and good sense overpowering natural instinct % 
Conch says ( 6 Illustrations of Instinct,’ p. 178): 
6 Derham quotes Olaus in his account of Norway as 
having himself witnessed the fact of a fox dropping his 
tail among the rocks on the sea- shore to catch the crabs 
below, and hauling up and devouring such as laid hold 
of it.’ 
Under the present heading I must not omit to refer 
to an interesting class of instincts which are manifested 
by those species of the genus Canis , whose custom it is to 
hunt in packs. The instincts to which I refer are those 
which lead to a combination among different members of 
the same pack for the capture of prey by stratagem. These 
instincts, which no doubt arose and are now maintained by 
intelligent adaptation to the requirements of the chase, I 
shall call 4 collective instincts.’ Thus Sir E. Tennent 
writes : — 
At dusk, and after nightfall, a pack of jackals, having 
watched a hare or a small deer take refuge in one of these 
retreats, immediately surrounded it on all sides ; and having 
stationed a few to watch the path by which the game entered, 
the leader commences the attack by raising the cry peculiar to 
their race, and which resembles the sound 4 okkay’ loudly and 
rapidly repeated. The whole party then rush into the jungle 
and drive out the victim, which generally falls into the ambush 
previously laid to entrap it. 
A native gentleman, who had favourable opportunities of 
observing the movements of these animals, informed me that 
when a jackal has brought down his game and killed it, his 
first impulse is to hide it in the nearest jungle, whence he issues 
with an air of easy indifference to observe whether anything 
more powerful than himself may be at hand, from which he 
might encounter the risk of being despoiled of his capture. If 
the coast be clear he returns to the concealed carcass and carries 
it away, followed by his companions. But if a man be in sight, 
or any other animal to be avoided, my informant has seen the 
jackal seize a cocoa-nut husk in his mouth, or any similar sub- 
stance, and fly at full speed, as if eager to carry off his pretended 
