DOG- — 0 HNERAL INTELLIGENCE. 
457 
do well to remember that this grade of mental evolution 
is reached very early in the psychical development of the 
human child. In my next work I shall adduce evidence 
to show that children of one year, or even less, are able to 
distinguish pictures as representations of particular objects, 
and will point at the proper pictures when asked to show 
these objects. 
Coming now to cases more distinctly indicative of 
reason in the strict sense of the word, numberless ordi- 
nary acts performed by dogs indisputably show that they 
possess this faculty. Thus, for instance, Livingstone 
gives the following observation . 1 A dog tracking his 
master along a road came to a place where three roads 
diverged. Scenting along two of the roads and not finding 
the trail, he ran off on the third without waiting to smell. 
Here, therefore, is a true act of inference. If the track is 
not on A or B, it must be on C, there being no other 
alternative. 
Again, it is not an unusual thing for intelligent dogs, 
who know that their masters do not wish to take them 
out, to leave the house and run a long distance in the 
direction in which they suppose their masters are about to 
go, in order that when they are there found the distance 
may be too great for their masters to return home for the 
purpose of shutting them up. I have myself known 
several terriers that would do this, and one of the in- 
stances I shall give in extenso (quoted from an account 
which I published at the time in 6 Nature 5 ) ; for I think 
it displays remarkably complex processes of far-seeing 
calculation : — 
The terrier in question followed a conveyance from the 
house in which I resided in the country, to a town ten miles 
distant. He only did this on one occasion , and about five 
months afterwards was taken by train to the same town as a 
present to some friends there. Shortly afterwards I called 
upon these friends in a different conveyance from the one 
which the dog had previously followed ; but the latter may 
have known that the two conveyances belonged to the same 
display of the recognition of a portrait by a dog. The portrait was 
one of myself, and the dog a half-bred setter and retreiver of my own 
1 Missionary Travels, chap. i. 
