170 
Charles E. Allen 
Goebel (1884) of a refractive projection in the neighborhood of the nu- 
cleps. Leclerc du Sablon (1888 a — b) was apparently the first to see 
the blepharoplast (in Metzgeria and other hepatics, and in Cheilanthes) in 
the form of a hyaline cytoplasmic filament or ring, appearing before the 
nucleus begins to elongate. 
Guignard (1889 a — b) found that the first step in spermatogenesis 
in various bryophytes and pteridophytes is the appearance of a projection 
from one side of the androcyte nucleus, which projection becomes the 
anterior end of the antherozoid. In Chara, this projection is part of a 
differentiated band which he thinks belongs to the nucleus, but which, 
as his figures show, is really the elongated blepharoplast lving close to the 
nuclear membrane. 
Schottländer (1892) seems to have first seen the blepharoplasts 
(“attraction spheres”) at the poles of the last spermatogenous division 
(in Marchantia). 
Belajeff (1889) observed, as the beginning of spermatogenesis in 
several ferns, the appearance of a projection from the surface of the an- 
drocyte. In a series of later papers, he (1894, 1897 b, 1898) describes the 
first appearance of the blepharoplast in Chara and Nitelia as a cytoplasmic 
projection or granule close to the nucleus. This description is corroborated 
for Chara by Strasburger (1892) ; but Mottier (1904) sees the blepharo- 
plast first as a slender thread, and believes that it arises, like the cor- 
responding Organs in certain algal swarm spores (Strasburger, 1900), 
from a local thickening of the plasma membrane. 
Lewis (1906) finds that the blepharoplast of Ricciocarpus is derived 
from the androcyte mother cell, where it behaved like a centrosome; but 
Miss Black, according to Woodburn’s (1911) account, first sees the 
blepharoplast of Rieda in the androcyte. Lewis’ results are in liarmony 
with the oceurrences in Marchantia according to Ikeno (1903) and 
Schaffner (1908), the former of whom ascribes a nuclear origin to the 
“centrosomes” ; and Miyake (1905) and Escoyez (1907) see centrosome- 
like bodies (blepharoplasts) in connection with the division of the an- 
drocyte mother cell. Miyake finds the same thing in Fegatella. Wood- 
burn thinks that the blepharoplasts of Marchantia and of Fegatella appear 
first in the androcytes, although granules which behave somewhat like 
centrosomes are present in the androcyte mother cells. Miyake finds, 
in the dividing androcyte mother cell of Makinoa, two groups of granules, 
which he thinks are the blepharoplasts, nearly opposite eac-h other but 
at some distance from the spindle poles. In the androcyte of Pellia, 
Strasburger (1892) describes a cytoplasmic protrusion, similar to that 
