694 
J. P. Munson 
It is often claimed also by competent observers that real cells in 
the cyloplasm of eggs may be a normal occurrence; that eggs may devour 
neigliboring cells as an amoeba or a paramaeeium eats other cells, the 
latter retaining theh' identity for some time in the cytoplasm. Says 
Loyez (53b): “Remarquons tont d'abord que, dans les tres jeunes ovules, 
on voit quelquefois dans le Cytoplasma, de preference vers la peripherie, 
des noyaux de petites cellules folliculaires, les uns sont absolument intacts 
et normaux; d’autres sont plus ou moins älteres, en voie de degenerescence 
ou transfonnes en un globule.” 
Thus also van Beneden (11) says: “The character of the deutoplasm 
varies much. Sometimes one finds it in the egg represented by real cells, 
provided with a nucleus and a nucleolus. This fact is easy to prove in 
many Trematodes, such as Amphistoma, Polystoma and manv others. 
Max Schultze observed them in Prorhynchus, and Leydig in liis treatise 
on comparative histology emphasized the same fact in several Annelids, 
as Piscicola. Weismann and Bessels have seen them in insects, the 
former in Muscides, the latter in Lepidoptera. But little by little, these 
cells become disorganized in the egg and their contents set free”. 
It may be well to recall in this connection that previous to 1861, 
yolk bodies were thought to be cells. They were so considered by Agassiz 
and Clark (1, b). 
For a long time His maintained that the egg in fishes is nourished 
by leucocytes, the follicle being in fact formed by leucocvtes which 
penetrate the egg and being dissolved form the outer part of the cyto- 
plasm, the cicatricula being thought to be the only remnant of the original 
egg protoplasm. 
Says Doflein (23): “Das Ei von Tubularia entsteht durch Ver- 
schmelzung einer Anzahl von kleinen Zellen. Der Kern derjenigen Zelle, 
welche als die kräftigste in den Verband eintritt, unterdrückt die übrigen 
Keimzellkerne. Seine Individualität persistiert, indem er zum Eikern 
wird.” It is needless to sav that the theorv of His has long since been 
abandoned. 
Lubbock (55) quotes IIuxley as follows: “It will be observed that 
/ all these authors consider the winter ova or ephippial ova and the ordinary 
ova to be essentially identical only that the former have an outer case. 
The truth is that they are essentially different structures. The true ova 
are single cells, which have undergone a special development. The ephippial 
ova are aggregations of cells (in fact larger or smaller portions, sometimes 
the whole of the ovary), which become enveloped in a shell, and simulate 
true ova.” This aggregation of several cells (one of them putting on the 
