ON THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR. 
159 
iploycd in the work, or in looking on ; — it is to 
them the most inteiesiing period of their lives, 
whether they are concerned in the prolit or not. 
The sugar mill has been sunk in the ground, the 
fuinace covered, the boilers fixed, and the eartlien 
plates for castitig the boiling sugar have been well 
dried in the sun, a store of fallen leaves have been 
collected to be used till the mill trash shall be 
dried sufliciently to serve for firing, and all preli- 
minary arrangements made a fortnight before, 
when the village priest determines a fortunate day 
for the commencement of the work, after which 
the furnace cools till all the sugarcane juice has 
been extracted and boiled; the mill, put in motion 
by the pair of bullocks, whicli are relieved fiom 
time to time, begins working at about 5 o’clock 
in the evening, and does not stop till 9 or lO o’clock 
the next morning; this period of about i6 hours, 
more or les.s, is called Oseruha or dew fall, and 
the average produce is 12 Koondees of juice, each 
Koondee 6 Balmees, each Bahnee 6 Syas, each Sya 
cotitains abouta half pints Etiglish, or rather more; 
say that each Koondee theti contains about 28 
quarts, or seven gallons English, the average pro- 
duce of a Koondee of juice, when boiled up, is 
12^ seers of Goorh, each seer of 96 Sa. Wt.; the 
produce of the mill's work then is 175 seers, or 
4 inds. 15 seers— the juice is formed into Goorh, 
which is the mere inspissated juice; Shukkur, 
which is a coaise granulated sugar, made by mix- 
ing a small portion of Reh or native soda with the 
Goorh, when it is in the melted state on the 
mud plate on which it is cast — the fiat) or Khaud, 
which is a finer production, and from which the 
molasses can be afterwards extracted by pressuie, 
which is not the case with Goorh or Shukkur; a 
Koondee of juice will give an average of 15 seers 
<)( fiat) ; the night’s work, or 12 Koondees, will 
give, consequently, 4 mds. 2o seers of Kab. 
The average produce of 
Koondees^ the beega of sugarcane is 14 
Koondees of juice, as per 
Best land 20 margin. 
Next best,... 16 Pucka beega2304 square yrds. 
Next, I2 The following is a table of the 
Poor land or 9 expences of a puckah beega of 
neglected,. % 8 sugarcane cultivation, suppos- 
ing that the owner has his own 
bullocks ; the ptjcka beega con- 
4 16 tains 3 kulcha beegas : - 
• *Land tax 3 kutcha bee- 
Average,.. 14 gas 3 Rs. 13 As. 3 P.-f 3 
117 9 
Ploughing 15 times, at 3 As. 9. P. pay 
of the ploughman, suppo.sing the owner to 
have no kutnherahs and unable to plough 
himself, .3 8 6 
Rolling four times 0 2 3 
Manuring at 3 As. the kutcha beega, if 
the dung is the field owners’ properly, 
otherwise double, 0 9 0 
Cuttings for the plant at, say 2o hmi- 
dles per kutcha beega, 12 As. 3 P. 3,.. 2 4 0 
Hoeing and weeding 7 times, 1 K. 9. 
As. 6 P. per kutcha beega 4 12 6 
Watering twice at 3 As. the kutcha bee- 
ga each lime 1 2 0 
The Putworee’s fee ^an anna pet kutcha 
beega 0 1 6 
The ziinieendar and inalgoozar will 
claim his fee at 2 As. per beega 0 6 0 
Total Rs. 24 5 6 
into account, and 3§ seers of Goorh or Shukkur, 
per diem. 
The Perheeas, who put the canes into the mill, 
receive, between them 6i| seers of Goorh. 
One Jhoka or fireman, who feeds the furnace, 
receives, per diem, a Sya of juice and seer of 
Gooi h. 
The carpenter and blacksmith receive, for each 
day’s work, between them, 2 seers. 
Three mootheas, who make up the canes into 
bundles, to give to the millers, receive, between 
them, for a day’s work, seer. 
Two gun-kuttas , 01 cane-cutters, receive, between 
them, 4 canes a day and IJ seer Goorh. 
The village chtimar, for the leather used in the 
mill and harness, leceives daily IJ seer Goorh. 
If the field owner has a Kumheiah, or heredi- 
tary ploughman, he will give him, at the end of 
the season, five seeis of Goorh, a blanket, and a 
Rupee for the land he has assisted to till. 
And the chowkeedar will also receives seers of 
Goorh, at the end of the season, for w-atching. 
Six fiupees a season are paid for the use of the 
set of 3 boilers, by those sugar cultivators who have 
united to hire them. 
The daily expenses of the mill will be 16 seers 
and I ; its produce is 3 mds. 30 seers of Goorh Shuk- 
kur, 014 mauiidsof20 seers of fiab. 
riie manufactiiie of the produce of one puckah 
beega will take up, say 3^ oserahas. 
The manufacture will cost 1 md. 18srs. Half the 
proceeds will be of Goorh and Shukkur, 13 mds. 5 
SI S.— of Rah, 15 mds. 13 srs. Deducting the ex- 
pense of manufacture, the follow'ing will lie the 
average net produce of sugar from the pucka beega 
of canes : -Goorh and Shukkur 10 mils. 26^ srs. 
Ral) l4 mds. srs. ; its value, Goorh at 17 seers, 
3.3 Rs. lo As. Rab, at 15 seers, 28 Rs. 7 As. Say 
that half the juice is made into Goorh, and half into 
Rail, the value of the net produce is 31 tis. 0 As. 
6P; from which deduct the land tax and ex- 
penses of ciiliivatioti, tliere remains to the cuitiva* 
tor a profit of 7 Rupees 1 Anna per puckah beega, 
of which say that 9 Annas more is deducted on 
account of the Chowkeedaiee, hire of boilers, and 
other village expenses, 6 Us. 8. As. clear profit 
remain for every pucka beega; and if he has Kum- 
lieras, or hereditary ploughmen, servants, and ciiil- 
dreii, whose labor is available, he saves further, 
say half the expense of weeding, or 2. 6. 3., and 
and the whole charge of ploughing and manuiiiig, 
or 4 I 6., and of watering I. 2, ; total 7. 9. 9. for 
each pucka beega in addition. 
This first crop is called Podha and in good lands 
the cane siusnps are left for a second crop, called 
Perhee, by strong handed cultivators, (i. e.) those 
who have kumlierahs and grown up sons and rela- 
tives in the family, available : the field, requires 
the following processes: 
Watering, 5 times, 2 ll 0 
Manuiing 0 9 0 
Hoeing and weeding, 5 limes, 7 19 6 
Puiwarees’ fees, 0 1 6 
Malgoozars’ fees .0 6 0 
11 11 0 
The value of produce will be nearly similar, say 
30 Rupees, which, after deduction for land tax 
and expenses of culture, or in .ill Rs. 23 2 9 , 
leaves a profit of 6 13 3 per pucka beega to the 
cultivator. 
EXPENSE OF MANUFACTUHING SUGAR. 
The vvhole of the labor is paid for iu kind, and 
the mill and cattle are assumed to be the properly 
of the owner of the field. 
The Gooryee or boiler, receives a Sya, or rather 
more than 3^ pints of juice, which is not taaen 
Not the Government land tax, hut the rate levied 
by the inalgoozar or contractor for revenue. 
The following crop is either of wheat or Patna 
rice, or a mixed crop of mustard seed and barley, 
the returns of ivhich will give from 6 to6SRs. 
per beega profit. It is seldom that poor lands are 
ever laid out in sugarcane, so the average of produce 
is in reality much higher than has been given above; 
while the expenses of culture and land tax are 
quoted at their highest rates— the canes are tied 
together and wrapped round with the leaves of 
the plant, hoed and weeded — the cane tops (Azhola) 
used for feeding cattle, are not taken into account 
