PRESENT STATE OF THE SUGAR TRADE. 
423 
the sugar imported from Hispaniola. The 
establishment of sugar plantations in Ame- 
rica took place at the end of 1580. Sugar was 
made by the English in the island of St. 
Christopher, in 1643 ; by the French at Gua- 
daloupe, in 1657. In 1466, however, the use 
of sugar was confined to medicine and feasts. 
What is very remarkable on looking back into 
the history of the sugar cane, we find that per- 
fection had been attained by the Indians in 
crystallizing sugar, according to the soundest 
principles of chemistry. The Venetians intro- 
duced sugar refining into Europe at the end 
of the fifteenth century. At first they imitat- 
ed the Indians, and sold the sugar which they 
purified in the shape of candy, clearing and 
refining the coarse sugar of Egypt three or 
four times over. They afterwards adopted 
the use of cones, and sold refined sugar in 
loaf. Sugar refineries were soon established 
in all the commercial cities in Europe, and 
were multiplied in the same ratio with the 
trade of America in sugar. 
With the foregoing outline we arrive to 
the sugar trade, and we are able, by the latest 
addition of McCulloch’s work now before us, 
to put our readers in possession of the most 
correct intelligence on this subject. 
SOURCE WHENCE THE SUPPLY 
OF SUGAR IS DERIVED, -The West 
Indies, Brazil, Surinam, Java, Mauritius, 
Bengal, Siam, the Isle de Bourbon, and the 
Philippines, are the principal sources whence 
the supplies required for the European and 
American markets are derived. The average 
quantities exported from these countries during 
each of the 3 years ending with 1833 were 
nearly as follows : — 
British West Indies, including Demerara and 
Berbice •• 190, OOO tons, 
Mauritius 30,000 
Bengal, Isle de Bourbon 
Java, Siam, Philippines, 
&c 60,0o0 
Cuba and Porto Rico.. 110,000 
French, Dutch, and 
Danish West Indies 95,000 
Brazil 75,000 
— 560,000 tons. 
Loaf or 1 ump sugar is unknown in the East,"'® 
sugar candy being the only species of refined 
sugar that is made use of in India, China, &c. 
The manufacture of sugar candy is carried on 
in Hindostan, but the process is extremely 
rude and impel feet. In China, however, it 
is manufactured in a very superior manner 
and large quantities are exported. When of 
the best description, it is in large white crys- 
tals, and is a very beautiful article. Two 
sorts of sugar candy are met with at Canton, 
viz. Chinchew and Canton ; the former being 
the produce of the province of Fokien, and 
the latter, as its name implies, of that of 
Canton. The chinchew is by far the best, 
and is abou 1 50 per cent, dearer than the other, 
Chinese sugar candy is consumed, to the al- 
most total exclusion of any other species of 
sugar, by the Europeans at the different set- 
tlements throughout the East. There were 
exported from Canton, in 1831-32, by British 
ships, 32,279 piculs (38,427 cwt. ) of sugar 
candy, valued at 242,000 dollars ; and 60,627 
piculs (72,173 cwt.) of clayed sugar, valued at 
3l8, 256 dollars ; and during the previous year 
the exports were about 50 per cent, greater. 
'I he exports by the Americans are also con- 
siderable. At an average, the exports of sugar 
from Canton may be taken at from 6,000 to 
10,000 tons; but of this only a small quantity 
finds its way to Europe. The exports from 
Siam and Cochin-China are estimated at 
about 12,500 tons. 
CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR IN EU- 
ROPE, &c.— Mr. Cook gives the following 
Table of the imports of sugar into France and 
the principal Continental ports in 1831, 1882, 
and 1833, and of the stocks on hand on the 
31st of December of each of these years : — 
Imports. 
Slocks, 3l8i of December. 
1831. 
1832. 
1833. 
1831. 
1832. 
1833. 
Tons. 
Tons. 
Tons. 
Tons 
Tons 
Tons 
France.. .. .. 
97,450 
82,000 
79.600 
25,870 
9,350 
10,450 1 
Trieste.. .. .. .. 
17,950 
22,400 
13,800 
6,000 
11,900 
6.840 j 
Genoa.. .... 
9,500 
10,500 
6,800 
1 5 o 0 
2,200 
2,180 
Antwerp.. .... 
6,240 
8,780 
12,80 1 
2,000 
2 OOO 
5,100 
Hotterdarn.. .. .. .... 
10,700 
11,600 
8,650 
1,800 
3,900 
3,350 
. Amsterdam.. .. 
18,370 
22,380 
20,100 
2,200 
3.400 
6,300 
Hatnburgli.. .. 
38,800 
37,930 
S 0,('00 
9, O 00 
13,400 
9,820 
Bremen.. .. .. .... 
12,380 
12 500 
7,350 
3,230 
6,800 
3,550 
Copenhagen . .. .. .... 
s.sso 
6.850 
5,560 
800 
2,370 
1,830 
Petersburgh . .. 
11,170 
23,100 
18,600 
8,440 
11,660 
16.600 
293,910 
237,040 
203 060 
61,740 
65,980 
64,020 
This Table does not, however, give the im- But the consumption of Spain, only, has been 
ports into any of the ports of the Peninsula. estimated, apparently on good grounds, by 
^ Loaf sugar is iiiaiiufactuitU in great perfecuou in Bengal. Edit. India lievieu\ 
