252 COPPER-SLATE COMPOSES A LARGE PORTION OF THE SHORE DISTRICT. 
uniform arrangement of their massive, and 
nearly perpendicular strata, convey, upon the 
whole, a most sublime effect.” 
Oolite or grit-stone composes a lofty 
range of mountains on the north of Gun- 
gowly. 
“Colour of the rock is yellowish white; 
surface rough ; external lustre, none. Inter- 
nal lustre, inclining to viti*eous. 
Fracture compact, uneven, inelining to 
coarse splintery on the one hand, and to 
large conchoidal on the other. 
Fragments, irregular, blunt-edged. 
Distinct concretions, fine granular. Surface 
of the distinct concretions, smooth. Lustre of 
the distinct conci’etions, vitreous. 
It is translucent on the edges. It is simi- 
lar in the streak, and semi-hard. It is not 
particularly brittle ; is easily frangible, ad- 
heres slightly to the tongue, and often affords 
a grating sound when handled. Specific gra- 
vity, from 2’6 to 2’5975. 
Chemical characters. It dissolves very 
partially and with feeble effervescence in 
nitric acid. 
It becomes enamelled on the surface after 
exposure to the blue flame of the blow-pipe, 
with the addition of borax.” 
Dr. McClelland proceeds to notice the 
peculiarity of the older strata, and describes 
miscellaneous rocks, granatine, fibrous 
limestone, common talc, minerals associated 
with talc, variegated clay-state, brecciated 
serpentine, noble setpentine, &c. 
“ The immense accumulation of primitive 
rocks, which composes the alpine land, ex- 
tending to the high mountain chain, must 
occasion a pressure on the side of the Hima- 
layas calculated to force the vertical strata 
of granite towards the plains, the side on 
which it is least supported*. What strength- 
ens this view is, that clay-slate, a rock 
that constitutes two-thirds of the acclivity 
on the side of the Himalayas, is quite absent 
on the opposite side next the plains. 
Were it not for this explanation, the gra- 
nite would be taken for a newer formation 
than the gneiss and hornblende-slate on which 
it seems to rest, a transposition of rocks 
which is conti'ary to all established principles 
of geognosy, and which we could not receive 
unless confirmed by the most extensive and 
careful observations, such as would embrace 
the Himalaya range from Tartary to Hindu- 
stan.” 
“ As the waters which formerly assisted 
in supporting^ the mass of mountain began to 
lower their level, those masses then lost their 
former support, yielded to the action of their 
weight, and began to separate and be detached 
from the rest of the mountain, falling to the 
free side as that where least resistance was 
opi>osed.” Werner, Vid. New Theory of 
Veins. 
Granatine, found in extensive beds of 
clay-state, is often associated with copper 
and iron pyrites. Fibrous limestone occurs 
along with common talc, at the north-east- 
ern extremity of the Oudepore mountain. Its 
colours are lead grey, greenish and bluish grey, 
clouded and striped with smalt blue. Com- 
mon talc is found with this and granatine ; its 
colours are bluish, and greenish grey ; lustre 
between pearly and metallic. Variegated slate 
is found in the district of Shore resting on 
clay-state in mantle-shaped strata. Brec- 
ciated serpentine is found at Jula ghat, 
where it forms the bed of the Mahi-Kali 
river. It is stratified and conformable ; direc- 
tion W. N. W. dip 40 E. N. E. Its colour 
is greyish black. Dr. McClelland proceeds 
next to notice floetz rocks, which are divided 
jnto three beds, viz. copper-slate, alpine 
limestone, and tabular limestone ; of which 
he gives the following description. 
(A) COPPER-SLATE. 
“ This I'ock composes a large proportion of 
the Shore district. It extends along the 
bases and acclivities of the primitive and tran- 
sition mountains, forming in these situations, 
a succession of small subordinate basins 
occasioned by the circuitous contortions de- 
scribed in the direction of the strata. The 
strata are usually made up of layers which 
are separated by rifts, and transversely bro- 
ken, so as to give the whole a comminuted, 
thiek slaty appearance. 
Between the fractured parts in the lower 
strata, nests of bituminous fossils, talc, 
copper and iron pyrites occur. 
(B) ALPINE LIMESTONE. 
Mountain, or alpine limestone, occurs in 
lofty irregular accumulations, which rise 
abruptly in the form of rugged, often isolat- 
ed pyramidal mountains, whose acclivities 
are formed by the almost perpendicular rear- 
ing of tabular masses, while their declivities 
are composed of unconformable, brecciated, 
homogeneous mountain-masses, presenting 
few external traces of the tabular, or strati- 
fied structure, but merely cemented together, 
and perforated by caveims, fissures, and sub- 
terraneous waters. The bases of the moun- 
tains of alpine limestone are overspread with 
masses precipitated from above by some na- 
tural convulsions, and again agglutinated by 
the same or succeeding catastrophies, and 
transformed into subordinate knolls, mecha- 
nically, as well as chemically, grouped toge- 
ther in the most sublime and picturesque 
forms.” 
(C) TABULAR AND MANTLE-SHAPED 
VARIETY. 
This rock occurs in patches, pretty exten- 
sively distributed on low shields and valleys, 
