FIRE-HEAT OR CALORIC. 
H The Sternum, fore part of the chest or 
breast-bone. 
I. The Costae, or ribs, seven or eight of 
which articulating with the Sti-rnum, are 
called the trueyibs, and the remaining ten, 
or eleven, which are united together by 
cartilage, are called t\\e false rib . 
3 , - The Humerus, or bone of the arm. 
K, The Radius, or bone of the fore arm. 
L, The Ulna, or elbow, with its process, 
the olecranon. 
M, M. The Carpus, or knee, consisting of 
seven bones. 
N, N. The Metacarpal, or shank bones. 
The large Metacarpal, or cannon, or shank 
in front; and the smaller Metacarpal, or 
splent bone behind. 
g. The fore pastern and foot, consisting of 
the Os Suffraginis, or the upper and longer 
pastern tione, with the sesamoid tones 
behind, articulating with tlie cannon and 
greater pastern ; the Os Coronae, or less- 
er pastern; the Os Pedis, or coffin 
hone; and the Os Naviculae, or navicular 
shuttle bone, not seen, and articulating 
with the smaller pastern and coffin bones. 
h. - The corresponding bones of the hind 
feet. 
O, O. -Thesmall metacarpal, orsplent-bones. 
p|_The pelvis; or haunch, consisting of 
three portions, the ilium, the ischium, 
and the pubis. 
Q —The femur, or thigh- ones. 
R, R.— The patella placed on the stifle joint. 
S S. -The tibia and fihula ; the latter is a 
’small none i ehind. These are also called 
the ham bones. 
T, T. - The nones of the tarsus, or hock, six 
in numi.er. .... 
U, U- The metatarsals of the hind leg, 
called shank, or cannon bones. 
y\f w.— Tne os calcis, or point of the hock- 
X,*X, X, X. - The sesamoid, or fetlock bones. 
OF THE UMIVERSE. 
Of Attraction — Repulsion — Elements 
— Heat— Air. 
(Compiled from the Works of Buffon, Gold- 
smith, Cuvier, tSfC.) 
The known powers of nature may be re- 
duced to two primitive forces, attraction and 
repulsion. The first is the cause of gravity ; 
in other words, it is by the attraction which 
exists between the mass of earth, and all 
bodies near its surface, that every thing has 
a natural tendency downward, that ail mat- 
ters fall to the ground, &c. The second 
principle is the cause of elasticity, and by 
counteracting the effects of attraction, pre- 
vents the matter of the universe from be- 
coming a solid mass. 
Ihe most ancient authors have agreed m 
supposing, and mankind in general still 
imagine, that there are only lour distinct 
species of elementary or original matter, viz. 
fire, air, water, and earth. Modern science 
has however discovered that none of these are 
entitled to be considered as elements, or 
primary substances ; while, on the other 
hand, it has increased the number of ele- 
mentary principles to fifty two. But as the 
popular arrangement is sufficient for our 
present purpose, we will not depart from it. 
There is reason to believe that fire, heat, 
or caloric, is the only permanently elastic 
substance in nature. We see that when it 
4H 
penetrates the pores of any body it uniformly 
expands it. A bar of iron is lengthened by 
being heated, metals and other substances 
are melted by it, and water is converted into 
vapour. There is therefore ample ground 
for believing that all fluidity is the effect of 
heat. The natural state of water is ice ; 
and air itself, were there any means of pro- 
ducing a sufficient degree of cold, might pro- 
bably be reduced to a solid mass. 
As all fluidity has heat for its cause, we find, 
by comparing certain substances together, 
that much more heat is requisite to keep iron 
infusion than gold, much more to keep gold 
in that state than tin, much less to keep wax, 
much less to keep water, much less for spirit 
of wine, and at last exceedingly less for mer- 
cury (quicksilver), since it only becomes solid 
at 187 degrees below that point at which 
watm* freezes ; this matter, mercury, would 
be therefore the most fluid of all bodies, if air 
were not still more so. Now, what does this 
fluidity, greater in air than in any other mat- 
ter, indicate ? It appears to indicate the least 
degree of adherence that can be conceived 
between its constituting parts, by supposing 
them of such a figure as only to touch each 
other at one point. The greater or less degree 
of fluidity does not, however, indicate that 
the parts of the fluid are more or less weighty, 
but only that their adherence is so much the 
less, their union so much the less intimate, 
and their separation so much the easier. If 
a thousand degrees of heat are required to keep 
water fluid, it perhaps will only require one 
to preserve the fluidity of air. 
It is doubtful whether light consists of the 
same matter with elementary fire or not. The 
great source of light is found to be the sun, 
from whose body it is projected in the space 
of neaidy eight minutes ; and as the sun is 
computed to be distant ninety-five millions of 
miles, the light must of consequence travel 
at the rate of about two hundred thousand 
miles in one second of time. 
Light may be reflected as well as projected. 
The light which we receive from the moon 
is only reflected as from a mirror. The light 
of the sun is three hundred thousand times 
stronger than the light of the moon. Whether 
the solar rays themselves evolve the caloric 
of bodies or act by conveying heat, has not 
yet been determined. 
The air we inhale is composed of 21 of 
oxygen to 79 of nitrogen gas, which are mixed 
with vapour and small quantities of other 
gases. 
It is vulgarly supposed that flame is the 
hottest part of fire ; yet nothing is worse 
founded than this opinion ; for the contrary 
may be demonstrated by the easiest and most 
familiar experiments. Offer to straw fire, or 
even to the flame of a lighted faggot, a cloth 
to dry or heat, double and treble the time will 
be required to give it the degree of dryness or 
heat that would be given to it by exposing it 
to a brazier without flame, or even to a very 
small heat. Flame has been characterised by 
Newton as a burning smoke ; and this smoke, 
or vapour, which burns, has never the same 
