CAPT. RICH’S ARRIVAL AT SULIMANIA. 
63? 
Abdurrahman Pasha, the late governor of 
Sulimania, fortified all these passes, at the 
time he was endeavouring to render Koordi- 
Btan independent ; but having been defeated 
at Derbetit i Bazian by Kutclmic Suliman 
Paslia of Bagdad, his fortifications were de- 
molislied. Karadagh is bounded by the 
Diala. Just south of the pass of Basterra, 
t)ie /englieneh hills come out west from the 
Karadagh, and are at fi^st much lower ; but 
turning south, as if to form a parallel line 
with Karadagh, they become of an almost 
equal elevation. J ust behind this part, that 
is E. of it, appears a higher summit, belonging 
to 1 know not what range, which ispartof the 
district of Dilleo. Just before, or W. of the 
high part, which to appearance forms the 
termination of the Zenghaneh range*, are little 
hills, scarcely discernible ; where is Ibrahim 
Khanjee, and Ghilli on the Turkish frontier. 
Still farther W., the Kifri and Toozkhoor- 
mattee line of hills is seen coming up to unite 
with, but a little in the rear of. the Kara 
Hassan hills we have just left; which are 
prolonged a little to the f'lt- They then dis- 
appear by turning west ; and leave an open 
horizon, as far as the Khalkhalan hills. 
There were no villages discernible from 
Tchemtchemal mount, they being all situat- 
ed in hollows, by the sides of the little streams. 
I'he villagers are all now dispersed about, in 
little encampments of black tents, for the 
convenience of pasturing their cattle, and 
attending to their harvest. All cultivation in 
Koordistan is watered solely by the rains|, 
there being no artificial irrigation. 
Thermometer — 5 a.m. 49** ; 2 p.m. 79® ; 10 
PM. 59®. During the day, light N .W breeze, 
night calm. — I he cold was so great last night 
as to be pretty severely felt by our relaxed 
frames, though the thermometer at 2 p,m. was 
79: it however continued only half an hour 
at this height.” 
Arriving before Sulimania, Capt. Rich is 
visited by the Pasha, a plain, reasonable, 
mild, and gentleman-like man. The following 
is our a,uthor’s description of his entrance 
into Sulimania. 
May 10 . — This was the morning which the 
astrologers seemed to have decided upon as 
the proper one for my entering into his 
capital, and public reception by the Pasha. 
About half an hour before the appointed time, 
the celebrated Osman Bey, about whom I 
had heard much, the Pasha’s younger and 
• Having a lateral view of the Zenghaneh 
hills, I could see that the strata of all parts of 
that range incline to the E. in the same man- 
ner and degree as the Hamreen mountains. 
+ The road from Kerkook to Derbent, call- 
ed the Ghisheh Khan road, passes over these 
hills. 
t The kini of cultivation which is carried 
on by means of rain is called by the natives 
Dem, which is an Arabic word. Rice and 
cotton must be artificially watered in conn- 
tries where there are no tropical rains. 
more dashing brother, came to conduct me 
into town, accompanied by all the members 
of council on horseback, and an immense 
party of Koords on foot. The Bey was mag- 
nificently mounted on a very fine Arab horse, 
which he got from the Anazee Arabs, and 
which is said to have cost him 13,000 piastres. 
All the people were gaily clad. 1 was much 
struck with the appearance of the Bey. He 
was not large, but lightly and well made ; the 
outlines of his face were perfectly regular; he 
had a crispy or wavy black beard, dark blue 
eyes, with black eyebrows and lashes, and a 
manly tint ol brown over a fine, clear, and 
ruddy complexion. He was altogether a very 
handsome young man. In horsemanship, 
and all their favourite military exercises, he 
is said to be unrivalled among his country- 
men. He is likewise famous for his courage 
and generosity ; but, on the other hand, he ia 
reported to be rather dissolute in his morals, 
and tyrannical in his disposition. 
He met me with an easy and polite address, 
in which was something of frankness but not 
the most distant tincture of coarseness. He 
was perfectly well bred in his manners. I 
could see he was well aware of the advantages 
of his person. He was magnificently attiied 
in the Koordish taste; his gown was of a 
rich, flowered, gold Indian stuff; he had a 
superb Cashmere shawl ornamented with 
gold fringe on his head, put on in a wild loose 
manner; his upper dress was a capot. or 
cloak, of ciimson Venetian cloth, with rich, 
gold fiogs, or bosses, on it. 'I'he age of Osman 
Bey is thuty-two ; that of his brother, the 
pasha, thirty-five. Their mother is a sister of 
Khaled Pasha, and consequently also of the 
principal branch of the Behbeh* * family. 
Osman Bey was dis[)Osed to talk rather 
more freely of the state of Koordish affairs 
than I chose to encourage ; and it was easy 
to perceive he was not of the d'urkish party. 
He looked at his watch several times in the 
course of the interview, and seemed anxious 
that we should not miss the precise moment 
of mounting. At last, when they told him 
it was the appointed instant, we rose together 
and set forward in the followingorder : — 
Fir.st a guide; then my trumpeter and 
.<!tandard-beaiert ; then three led horses, 
followed by my imrahor, or master of the 
horse; next came my tchaoushes, or running 
footmen, fully armed ; after whom marched 
tlie sepoys with their drum and fife. I 
followed, mounted on Fhivar, with two stir- 
rupholders, armed with battle-axes and 
shields; then came Mr. Bellino and Dr„ 
Morando ; then Osman Bey on Ins beautiful 
Arab, with a line of about three hundred 
Koords after him on foot : after the bey and 
his [leople came the members of tlie pasha’s 
council: my khaznadar, or .treasurer, and 
mounted attendants, closed the procession. 
• Tlie name of the pasha of Sulimania’s clan 
80 called from their ancestor, Behbeh SulimranT 
• The slandard of the cross was home by a 
Turk, and English marches were played by a 
Persian trumpeter, who was no lad per«» 
former. 
