12 
IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
by some ambitious young botanist long enough to com- 
plete a list of the commoner species of his locality or State; 
but as a rule the botanist, true to the American instinct, 
soon turns his attention to some lucrative employment of 
his botanical training. In spite of all this, the record of 
the work accomplished is creditable, and even in recent 
years in which the trend of botanical activity has been 
rather away from taxonomic studies, American lichenists 
have, by turning in part toward morphological, physio- 
logical and ecological studies, and by persistence in taxo- 
nomic labors as well, produced a good amount of valuable 
work. While some of the results obtained in Europe in 
the last two decades are the best, whether of the taxonomic, 
morphological or physiological study of lichens. 
EUROPEAN LICHENOLOGY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN. 
So intimate is the relationship between American and 
European lichenology that a brief review of the latter is 
necessary in order to understand the former. While very 
little has been written regarding the history of American 
lichenology, the array of papers treating European lich- 
enology, from the historical standpoint is too formidable 
for consideration here. However, Kremplehuber, in his 
“Greschichte und Litteratur der Lichenologie”, in three 
volumes dealing with the lichenology of all lands from the 
beginning till 1870 in a most comprehensive manner, gives 
the facts from which we may draw for our view of Euro- 
pean lichenology, and from which we may also gain valuable 
knowledge regarding American lichenology. Krempel- 
huber seems to make nearly all of his periods begin with 
years in which appeared some remarkable work in lich- 
enology. As to the first period, his dates are somewhat 
uncertain and confusing, but he makes it begin with the 
earliest times and doubtless intends that it shall extend to 
1694, the year in which appeared Tournefort’s “Elemens 
de Botanique”, in which for the first time the lichens are 
separated from the mosses, algae and fungi. His second 
period, as best we can make out from his dates, extends 
