16 
IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
published a decade since, has, with some show of good 
reasoning founded upon recent experiments, attempted to 
introduce into the scientific world the idea that the rela- 
tion between the algae and the fungus or the fungi of the 
lichen colony is so close that we have not a colony but an 
autonomy. Enough was stated on a previous page regard- 
ing the views of Reinke, and it need only be reiterated 
that, though not yet generally accepted, they are not to be 
passed over lightly, nor need botanists suppose that the 
question as to the classification of lichens is at all settled, 
much as such a consummation is to be desired. But leaving 
this matter, Bonnier, Funfstuck, Jumelle, Lindau and 
Zukal must all be mentioned as men whose works will 
influence American lichenology increasingly as we turn 
our attention more and more toward morphological and 
physiological studies. Nor may we leave the consideration 
of the impress of European upon American lichenology 
without reference to the name of Stahl, whose work is 
well known to American botanists. 
INTRODUCTORY VIEW OF AMERICAN LICHENOLOGY. 
It must be apparent enough that in discussing Ameri- 
can lichenology, it would not be at all satisfactory to fol- 
low the outline of periods adopted in a study of general 
lichenology, and we shall introduce here a division into 
periods, which will at least serve our purpose. Acharius 
in his “Lichenographia Universalis”, 1810, for the first 
time definitely mentions a considerable number of Ameri- 
can lichens in a work of first importance, and we may 
fittingly regard the work done before 1810 as belonging to 
The Period of Beginnings. During this period and follow- 
ing it the impress of Europe was even more plainly notice- 
able in American lichenological studies than it has been 
in more recent times. In 1847 was read Tuckerman’s 
“ Synopsis of the Lichens of the United States and British 
America” (published the following year), and in the same 
year Tuckerman also began to issue his exsiccati under the 
name, “Lichenes Americae Septentrionalis Exsiccati”. 
