30 
IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
the Cladonias are fairly well known is attested by the fact 
that Wainio found only a single new American form in all 
of the specimens submitted to him, including the most 
difficult. It will be interesting to note that Wainio regards 
the western hemisphere the richest field in Cladonias. The 
eminent botanist and lichenist, A. Zahlbruckner, of 
Vienna, has recently published two papers in which he 
describes 32 new North American lichens, from California, 
sent to him by E. Hasse. He has also named several 
other species collected by Hasse, and has examined a large 
number of my specimens, naming several, of which few 
have yet been published. The late Dr. F. Arnold, of 
Munchen, devoted three papers to the lichens of Labrador 
and Newfoundland, 1896-1899. Though these papers 
record 175 species from Labrador and 367 from Newfound- 
land, I can find only a single new species recorded. When 
such able lichenists as Wainio and Arnold examine such 
large collections from America and find so little that is 
new, we are disposed to think that possibly the finding of 
new species is sometimes due to limited knowledge of 
these already described. However, this remark can have 
no bearing on the work of early students of our lichen 
flora when few species were known, nor is it directed 
toward the recent work of Stizenberger and Zahlbruckner 
on the comparatively little known lichen flora of our west- 
ern coast, nor at that of the latter on the flora of Iowa and 
Minnesota, where new species surely are to be expected. 
Just here it may be recorded that of some three dozen 
Lecidioid lichens recently submitted to the student of the 
group, T. Hedlund of Upsala, and of the most obscure 
American material that has come to my hands, he returns 
not a single new species, though three are not yet reported 
as to species. 
My bibliography is not yet in a condition to give exact 
numbers of new species by these European workers on our 
flora in the present period, but including some 75 species 
described by Nylander within the present period, the whole 
number of species added to our lichen flora by foreigners 
