32 
IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
of his own new species and one each by Hulting and 
Arnold. In some of Eckfeldt’s other papers (in Bull. Torr.. 
Bot. Club) I find 25 new species described. His titles 
number 13 only, but he has a wide knowledge of lichen 
species. 
The first paper by Clara E. Cummings appeared in 1888,. 
and since that time she has published several papers, has 
collected largely in New England and California and has 
done a large amount of work in determining for other col- 
lectors. Her chief work, however, has been in the distribu- 
tion of exsiccati known as “JDecades of North American 
Lichens,” and a second edition under the name, “Lichenes 
Boreali-Americani.” The work of determination of the 
specimens sent out has been largely done by Miss Cum- 
mings, except for the aid given by T. A. Williams during 
the last years of his life, and frequent use of the sets for 
study and comparison has demonstated that the w^ork is 
very carefully and accurately done. This critical and 
time-consuming work has given Miss Cummings a wide 
knowledge of lichen species, and American botanists may 
very justly look to her for more good work in a field where 
labor of the best quality is much needed. Her recent 
paper, “The Lichens of Alaska,” is one of the best contribu- 
tions of the period. 
T. A. Williams’ first paper appeared in 1889, and he w T as 
a frequent contributor till his death in 1900. Papers on 
the Nebraska, the Mexican, the Black Hills and the 
Bahama lichens are his principal contributions. But his 
work with Miss Cummings on the exsiccati also aided 
greatly during the few r years that he was connected with 
that work. Everything done by him bore the stamp of 
critical study, and his early death was a serious loss to 
American lichenology. His titles number 13. 
Albert Schneider’s first paper appeared in 1894, and dur- 
ing the next few years several papers appeared in the 
Torrey Bulletin. However, these are unimportant when 
compared with his “Text-book of General Lichenology,” 
which appeared in 1897 and constitutes the most import- 
ant contribution to lichenology by an American since 
