58 
Fishery Bulletin 115(1) 
eries-dependent data sources, and commercial longline 
gear is generally set for much longer periods (e.g., >8 
h) than the 1-4 h we allowed gear to soak. Future work 
should examine the “endurance” of the 2 bait types be- 
yond the maximum hook soak time of 4 h in our study 
as well as the effect of hook soak time on catch rates 
and bait performance. 
Our results, as well as those of the aforementioned 
studies, indicate that species-specific catch rates can be 
impacted significantly by the type of bait used. There- 
fore, an understanding of species-specific bait preferenc- 
es of target and bycatch species is imperative, a point 
also highlighted by Coelho et al. (2012). Furthermore, 
because ontogenetic (e.g., Wells et ah, 2008) and sea- 
sonal shifts (e.g., Boothby and Avault, 1971) in dietary 
preferences are well established among fish species, it 
will be necessary to identify preferences across all life 
stages and seasons so that no one stage is adversely 
affected or seasonally vulnerable. Future research will 
be needed to determine whether the use of a single 
bait type (i.e., northern shortfin squid) effectively will 
reduce the catch rates of shark species in the Gulf of 
Mexico snapper and grouper bottom longline fishery or 
whether sharks will opportunistically feed on a single 
bait type at the same rate as a preferred bait type in 
the absence of choice. 
Acknowledgments 
We thank the crew of the NOAA Ship Oregon II, S. 
Garner, M. Hendon, N. Hopkins, J. Lewis, J. McKinney, 
J. Moser, B. Noble, B. Prohaska, K. Rademacher, and T. 
Wallace for assistance in the collection of samples. 
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