IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
17 
various herbaria and further collections and studies in 
American Cladonias. If the series of articles is found 
helpful in contributing to this end, they will serve their 
purpose. In passing «beyond the Tuckermanian view, we 
have been so fortunate as to have the aid of the eminent 
Cladoniologist, E. Wainio, of the University of Helsingfors, 
and w^e now have his view of more than two hundred 
specimens of American Cladonias, which the present writer 
has submitted to him from time to time. 
Attention was directed to the extremely great amount 
of variation in forms of Cladonia flmhriata years ago in 
work in the field, and an especial effort was made to ob- 
tain all of the forms possible. But it was only by a care- 
ful study of the species, as viewed by Wainio, and set forth 
in great detail in one hundred and three pages of his mono- 
graph of the genus Cladonia, that the present writer began 
to realize something of the difficulties to be encountered 
in the attempt to gain anything like an adequate knowl- 
edge of the species. In Wainio’s monograph, sixteen 
varieties and a very large number of subvarieties and 
forms are recognized. We have not been able to see the 
subvarietal distinctions in some instances even with 
specimens which have passed through Wainio’s hands be- 
fore us. However, though we may not be able to follow 
the specialist in the genus into all of the intricacies of the 
most minute and discriminating observations, we have 
tried to improve matters somewhat, and perhaps as much 
as is desirable, by giving brief and yet sufficiently definite 
descriptions of the twelve varieties which are well known 
to exist in North America. 
After Cladonia flmhriata, perhaps Cladonia f areata and 
Cladonia crispatad^vQ as troublesome as any of the Cladonia 
species. However, Tuckerman, in his treatment of, the 
various form's of these two species, came much nearer to a 
correct solution than he did with regard to C. fimhriata. 
Indeed, though C. furcata crispata of Tuckerman’s 
“Synopsis” has seemed difficult to trace, and though C. 
furcata pungens has seemed hardly to belong with the 
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