RHINOCEROS HECCANENSIS. 
3 
When found the bones were largely covered with minutely botryoidal calcare- 
Bones very thickly encrusted with ous coucretious, forming an extremely hard and dense 
two kinds of kunkur. crust irregularly distributed over the surface, in some 
places in large and thick patches, at others in small wart-like excrescences. Erom 
the brittle condition of the bones these were very difficult to remove without destroy- 
ing the underlying surface of the bones. Many had to be gently rasped away — an 
operation requiring much time and patience, because of the hardness of the material. 
Besides this botryoidal encrustation the whole surface of nearly every bone 
was covered by a thinner crust of a more earthy material less hard than the former. 
The less dense parts of this crust assimilated to common earthy kunkur, but some 
of the dense parts of it, which showed an arrangement in vermicular masses, though 
less hard, were extremely tough and fully as difficult to remove as the other form 
of encrustation. The removal of these crusts was, however, quite essential, as they 
completely hid and altered the true shape of many parts of the bones. The encrusta- 
tion was by no means confined to the surface — it had penetrated most of the 
numerous fissures due to the expansion and contraction of the surrounding clay. 
These intrusions of kunkur had in many cases, particularly where they affected 
the teeth, given rise to total deformity of the parts by wedging them asunder, 
sometimes to the extent of half an inch or more. Part of the surface of many of 
the teeth has been eaten into, as if by a kanker, by the calcareous crust resting on 
it, forming small shallow pits on the surface of the enamel. 
The degree of alteration the bones have undergone is very various in different 
parts ; especially is this the case with regard to the teeth, in many of which part 
of the enamel is perfectly preserved, while closely adjacent parts have been greatly 
changed and have lost all lustre and become quite mealy in texture. Excepting 
external discoloration from contact with surrounding soil, the bones are but 
slightly altered from their natural color, though a good deal of calcareous matter 
became infiltrated in their cancellar tissue. The enamel of the upper molars is 
rather browner in color than that of the lower ones. The dentine of all the broken 
teeth is a good deal stained along the minute capillary tubules of a deep black, 
apparently due to the presence of oxide of manganese. The cavities in the fangs of 
the teeth left by the decay of the pulp are mostly lined with acicular crystals of 
arragonite. The dentine was found to be traversed by innumerable minute cracks, 
rendering the mass extremely brittle, especially near the base of the crowns and in 
the fangs. Owing to this many of the teeth fell to pieces, and had to be built up by 
fitting piece to piece— a very long and tedious task from the great number of tiny 
fragments that had to be dealt with. But for the fact that the manganese stains of 
the dentine tubules above alluded to often formed patterns on the broken surfaces, 
the building up process of the dentinous parts would have been simply impossible. 
Some change in the form of some of the bones has been caused by the pres- 
sure of the mass they were imbedded in. The parts principally affected by such 
pressure are the mandibles, the jugal arch, and the supradental portion of the left 
