93—6 CEANIA OE E¥MINANTS EROM THE INDIAN TEETIARIES. 
“ a few remains of Bovidce have been found in deposits of Pliocene age, but the 
oxen are essentially post-PUocene and Becent the same remarks apply to the 
genera Buhalus and Bison. Professor Dana,’ in noticing the Mammalia of the 
Siwaliks, considers these deposits to he of upper Miocene age, but adds the significant 
remark : “ Bos and the related genera probably occur nowhere earlier than the 
Pliocene,” apparently not being aware that the remains of these genera are found 
in the same deposits as oi Swatherium Acerotlierium ; the whole series 
will consequently he of Pliocene age. As I have already stated elsewhere,® the 
presence of a large assemblage of hovoid genera in the Siwaliks is a most important 
argument for the Pliocene age of that formation ; they occur in the same beds with 
Cludicotlieriiim and other Miocene forms, wdiich latter must have lived down to a 
later period in India than in Europe. This probable survival of ChalicotJierium (and 
what applies to one genus applies to another) in Asia down to times later than the 
Miocene has been akeady noticed by Professor Owen^ in his description of certain 
Eossil Chinese Mammalia. That author, who followed Dr. Ealconer in considering 
tlie Siwaliks as of exclusively Miocene age, remarks : “ If the Anoplotherioid 
molar had not been in the series, such series would have been referred, without 
hesitation, to a geological period not older than the upper Pliocene, and with a 
possibility of post-Pliocene age. 
“ I accept the evidence of the majority of the fossils, with the older alternative, 
and conclude that this particular Anoplotherioid Artiodactyle, which has departed 
from the generalised character of the type-genus by the suppression of a premolar 
on each side of both jaws, and the commencement of a diastema or break in the 
dental series, continued to exist in China, until the Pliocene division of tertiary 
time, perhaps to a late period of that division.” 
The above view quite concurs with my interpretation of the value of the different 
genera in determining the age of the Indian upper tertiaries ; at the same time it 
seems not improbable that some Siwahk fossils, such as those of Sind and Kushalgar, 
do really belong to the upper Miocene period, there being no lithological break in 
the latter area between the Nummulitics and the Siwahks. 
The genera, or sub-genera, Semibos, Ampliibos, and Beribos, are exclusively 
confined to the Siwaliks ; they belong to more generalised types than the true oxen, 
and therefore claim affinities with older forms. The genus Antilope or an allied 
sub-genus just occurs in the Miocene strata of Attica and Montpelier, and has lived 
down to the present time. The four allied genera composing the peculiar family of 
the 8wat}ierid(B are confined to the Indian tertiaries. The genus Camelopardalis is 
first known from the Miocene of Attica, and now exists in Africa only. The genera 
Capra and Oris have in Europe been discovered in post-tertiary formations only, 
and therefore, like the Bovidce, give an exceedingly modern facies to the fauna in 
^ Manual of Geology, p. 520. 
^ Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. IX, p. 98. 
3 Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI, p. 432. 
