CRANIA OR RUMINANTS RROM THE INDIAN TERTIARIES. 23—110 
The lower and left portions of the occipital surface have been broken away 
in our specimen ; the occipital crest forms a very wide and flattened arch, somewhat 
prominent and separated by an oblique groove from the base of the horn- core of 
either side : the smooth surface above the occipital crest is concave from side to 
side and slightly convex from before backwards ; it overhangs to a very slight 
extent that part of the surface of the occiput below the crest. The portion of the 
occiput below the crest or curved line is deeply marked by ridges and hollows for 
muscular attachments ; a deep pit is seen on the right hand of the figure for the 
attaclunent of the recti-capitis muscles. The bases of the horn^cores are separated 
from each other by a considerable interval ; the ridge occupying this interval is 
slightly convex when viewed from behind ; in a front view the same ridge is either 
straight or very slightly concave, according to the position of the skull, but never 
convex. The horn-cores themselves are at first directed outwards, upwards, and a 
little forwards ; they are continued in a single unbroken curve as far as those of 
our specimen extend ; they certainly when complete had not the double curve of 
the horn-cores of Bos primigenms, neither were they extended forwards or bent 
upwards towards the tip as in the Nerbudda species. At their junction with the 
f rentals the horn-cores expand suddenly both above and below, the areas of their 
transverse section being here greater than those of the portions of the f rentals to 
which they are attached ; the summit of the curved line of the occiput extends far 
upwards between the bases of the horns, and consequently is far removed from 
the extremities of the temporal fossae ; these latter form wide but shallow fissures 
on the occiput. The transverse section of the horns is laterally compressed. The 
dimensions of the specimen are given below : — 
Width at superior border of orbits . , . . . . . . . 9‘3 
„ constriction above „ . . . . . . . . 8'8 
Length from intercornual ridge to apex of nasals ...... 10‘2 
„ of intercornual ridge ......... 7'0 
Interval between occipital curved line and intercornual ridge ..... 2'0 
Width of occiput between temporal fossse ....... 6'7 
Circumference of base of right horn-core ....... 14'5 
Length of remaining portion of „ ....... 19'0 
Circumference of right horn-core at fracture ....... 9'0 
Antero-posterior diameter of right horn-core . . . . . . . 4‘5 
We have now to compare this cranium with our specimens of the crania of 
Bos namadicus. We will first compare it with Ralconer’s specimen of the latter 
species afieady so often referred to. In the figures of the occipital regions of the 
two specimens {Flate XVI, figs. 3 and 4), the cranium of the Siwalik species {fig. 4) 
has the occiput placed more vertically than in Ralconer’s specimen {fig. 3 ) ; in 
consequence of this the crest or curved line of the occiput of the latter appears to 
be placed lower down than in the former specimen. 
On the frontal aspect the intercornual ridge of the Siwalik species is slightly 
concave instead of straight or convex, while the lateral indentations of the skull 
