CRANIA OE RUMINANTS EROM THE INDIAN TERTIARIES. 31—118 
of tlie longitudinal over the transverse diameter of the frontals, and by the vertical 
position of the intercornual ridge above the occiput. 
The cranium is distinguished from that of Bos planifrons by the form of tlie 
occiput, by the convexity of the forehead, by the horn-cores being more pyriform 
in cross section, and by their form and direction. In Bos planifrons the centre of the 
frontals is placed somewhat behind the anterior surface of the base of the horn-cores, 
whereas in the present cranium the corresponding part of the forehead, as before 
said, is very considerably in advance of the anterior surface of the base of the horn- 
cores. The differences in form between this cranium and that of Bos namadicm are 
so striking as not to require pointing out. 
I do not know any existing species of oxen to which the cranium of this species 
'shows any marked relationship ; the flattened horn-cores, however, with the ridge 
along their superior border, have an affinity to those of the genus Bibos, which is 
confined toindia and Burma, and also to Bos planifrons. It is noteworthy that almost 
all the Indian Oxen have flattened horns, — the Zebu, the Yak, and the typical 
variety of Bos namadicus being the only species with cylindrical horns. 
The Indian Museum, besides crania, also possesses a large series of limb-bones 
of various species of oxen, some of which are of unusually large size, and probably 
belonged to the present gigantic species ; it is, however, impossible to be certain in 
any identifications of the limb-bones of Ruminants, since those of different species 
and genera resemble one another so closely. The only bone which I will refer to is 
what I consider to be the metacarpus of this species. We have several of these 
large-sized ruminant metacarpals in the Indian Museum, and there is also a similar 
specimen mentioned by Dr. Ealooner in the catalogue of the Collection of the Asiatic 
Society of Bengal (No. S. 346) ; this specimen was conjecturally referred by 
Dr. Ealconer to a female Sivatherium, but it is very much smaller than the type 
metacarpals of that animal, and, as I shall show, is not of too large a size to have 
belonged to the present species. 
The anterior surface of the bone is perfectly plane without any longitudinal 
grooving ; the troohleae of the distal extremity are bold and prominent, and there is a 
considerable interval between the two ; the trochlear ridges are placed obliquely to 
one another. The shaft of the bone is much flattened and expanded laterally. 
Immediately above the trochleee, the bone is perfectly flat, on the posterior surface ; 
higher up the lateral boundaries of this surface are raised into sharp and prominent 
ridges. The length of the bone is equal to about three and a half times the breadth 
of the distal extremity. 
The dimensions of the specimen as given by Dr. Ealconer are as follows : — 
Length of bone .......... 13'0 
Transverse diameter of both condyles , . . . . . . . 4'3 
„ „ of carpal surface 4'3 
The bone is considerably smaller than a specimen of the metacarpal of 
Sivatherium, described by Dr. Ealconer (No. S. 345), in which the transverse 
