CRANIA OR RUMINANTS FROM THE INDIAN TERTIARIES. 37—124 
nearly circular, and its axis looks obliquely outwards and forwards ; the apex of 
the nasals extends upwards as far as the first third of the diameter of the orbit ; 
the lower border of the orbit stands out very prominently and almost at right angles 
to the surface of the maxilla, the cranium contracting very suddenly and sharply in 
width beneath the orbit. Between the orbit and the nasals the bone is sharply angu- 
lated, so that the plane of the frontals and that of the laohrymo-maxillary bones are 
at right angles to each other ; the ridge between the orbit and the nasals is obliquely 
grooved. The border of the orbit is slightly depressed below the plane of the frontals. 
The vertical height from the palate to the frontals is but small ; the temporal 
fossse are remarkably short, and in consequence of the backward direction of the 
plane of the horn-cores very narrow ; the superior rim of the orbit is an unusually 
broad plate of bone placed at an angle of forty-five degrees with the jugal, the 
latter being entirely below the orbit. 
Turning now to the occipital surface, we find that the occipital crest is very 
prominent and of great thickness, particularly at its summit ; it forms a low and wide 
arch with a short flattened portion at the summit ; at the boundaries of the tem- 
poral foss0B this arch on either side splits into two branches to enclose the fossse, — 
the upper branches join the base of the horn-cores. Between the occipital crest 
and the intercornual ridge, there is a depressed lozenge-shaped surface, higher in 
the centre than at the sides ; the parietals and frontals gradually rise from the central 
depression to the vertex cranii ; the plane of the occiput forms very nearly a 
right angle with that of the frontals. Below the occipital crest there is a promi- 
nent tuberosity for the attachment of the ligamentum nuchse, and a ridge is con- 
tinued downwards from this tuberosity to the superior border of the foramen 
magnum, which divides the surfaces for the attachment of the recti-capitis muscles. 
The paroccipital processes are large and recurved, and the surfaces external to them 
for the digastric muscles are narrow, but long. The temporal fossae make large 
incisions into the surface of the occiput ; these incisions are directed obliquely 
upwards and inwards, and their extremities are nearly on a level with the summit 
of the occipital crest ; the summit of this crest extends nearly as high up as the 
median line of the bases of the horn-cores. The most elevated point of the frontals 
is slightly below the level of the bases of the horn-cores ; there is no ‘ burr ’ at the 
bases of the latter. The interval between the external angles of the occipital 
condyles is slightly less than that between the lower border of the foramen magnum 
and the summit of the occipital crest, and somewhat more than half the width of 
the occiput at its widest part ; the occipital condyles are placed very low on the 
occiput, and are separated by a deep fissure from the paroccipital processes. 
The palate exhibits the crowns of the last three molars, which are considerably 
worn down, and which prove that the cranium belonged to a fully adult animal ; 
the palate is unusually wide, and the two rows of molars run nearly parallel ; 
the palatines are produced to the distance of about an inch behind the last molar, 
and their free border is not divided posteriorly by the vomer. 
