131—44 CEANIA OE EEMINANTS EEOM THE INDIAN TEETIAEIES. 
horizontally, the centre of the frontals will he the highest point of the whole ; the 
plane of the face, that of the parietals, and the planes of the anterior surfaces of the 
horn-cores, sloj)ing away on all four sides from this central point. In the cranium 
of the present species, however, only the planes of the frontals and of the parietals 
slope away in this manner ; the horn-cores, instead of being directed upwards and 
backwards, as in the Arni, are directed upwards and forwards, so that their bases are 
in advance of the central frontal plane ; this position of the horn-cores prevents the 
present species from having the rounded and prominent forehead, characteristic of 
Biibalus arni. The frontals of JBubalm caffer, however, in the young state, are 
somewhat concave between the bases of the enormous horn-cores ; while in JBubalm 
braeliyceros the whole of the frontals are flat, and the horn-cores somewhat approxi- 
mated at the vertex crania. The convexity of the frontals cannot therefore be 
taken as a valid generic character, as is done by Mr. Hodgson in his above-quoted 
paper on the genera of Indian cattle. 
The present cranium is distinguished from those of all species of the genus Bibos 
by the direction and triangular cross-section of the horn-cores, as W'ell as by the 
rounded fronto-parietal surface, and by the shape and position of the nasals and supra- 
orbital foramina. The concavity of the horn-cores is, however, similarly placed 
upwards in both genera. In the present species there is no aj)proach either to the 
long and straight intercornual ridge oi Bibos frontalis, placed immediately above the 
true occipital surface, or to the highly arcuated intercornual ridge of Bibos gaurus. 
On comj)ariug the figure of the occiput of the present species with Mr. Hodgson’s 
figure of that of Bibos frontalis, it will be seen that the occipital crest of the latter 
extends higher up on the occiput than in the former ; consequently in Bibos the 
inner extremities of the temporal fossae are not placed entirely above the occipital 
crest, whereas they are so placed in the present species, in which the interval 
between the fossae is greater. In both there is a large shield-shaped protuberance 
for the nuchal ligament, and wdde smooth surfaces for the recti muscles. The 
summit of the occipital crest forms a very high arch in Bibos, whereas it is nearly 
flat in the present species ; the supra-cristal portions of the two are so different 
as not to require a detailed comparison. 
Turning again to the occijmt oi Bub aim arni and comparing it with the present 
specimen, we find that in both species the inner extremities of the temporal fossae are 
entirely above the occipital crest ; and the interval between the foss£e has the same 
length in the tw^o ; the crest is, however, flatter and placed lower down in the fossil 
species. The supra-cristal portion in both slopes forwards, though in the one it is 
extremely wide and in the other narrow, the width of the cranium of Bubalus arni 
being greater than the interval between the temporal fossae, whereas in Bubalus platy- 
ceros the reverse is the case. The point of attachment of the ligamentum nuchae in 
the former species is continued downwards as a bony septum between the surfaces for 
the attachment of the recti muscles. There is a somewhat similar flattened depres- 
sion above the summit of the occipital crest in both, which is not found in other 
