139—52 CRANIA OE RUMINANTS EROM THE INDIAN TERTIARIES. 
from the older alluvia of the Godavari and Perim-Ganga vaUeys, and I think by 
Mr. Eoote from Madras ; all the above deposits undoubtedly belong to the upper 
Pliocene or Pleistocene periods. Lately, however, as I have already previously 
noticed,^ two crania of this species have been obtained by Mr. Theobald from the top- 
most clay beds of the Siwahks near the town of Bubhor ; these crania were found in 
company with the remains of Camelm sivalensis, and the beds are certainly newer 
than those from which the great mass of Siwalik bones are obtained; I have 
thought it very probable from the occurrence of this Bubalus in these beds, and not 
in the beds below, that these beds are not far removed in time from the ossiferous 
gravels of the Nerbudda valley. Mr. Medlicott, however,^ on stratigraphical consid- 
erations, is inclined to think that there is a long gap between these topmost Siwahks 
and the Nerbudda deposits ; the old high level terraces of the Sub-Himalayas 
being more nearly contemporaneous with the latter deposits, and there is no doubt 
considerable probability in this supposition. It is, however, very unhkely that a 
species like Bubalus palcBindicus (for, as we shall see below, except in the matter 
of size, I cannot distinguish between the upper Siwalik and Nerbudda crania) 
which has been considered by some as identical with a living species, should have 
existed at a period much older than that of the gravels of the Nerbudda. There 
is no doubt, however, but that the Bubhor Siwaliks are serially continuous with, 
and are not separated by, any (geologically) long period from the subjacent mamma- 
liferous beds, and the occurrence of Bubalus palceindicus in the former is another 
link in the chain of arguments for not placing the age of the great mammahferous 
series of the Siwaliks below the older Pliocene. 
To return to the Siwalik crania, we find that both of them are of considerably 
smaller size than the average of the specimens from the Nerbudda valley ; the 
larger of the two is, however, certainly an adolescent animal, the crowns of the last 
molars having only just come into wear, and most of the cranial sutures being 
still distinctly visible ; the skull is slightly larger in its dimensions than the female 
skull from the Nerbudda noticed above, and it is therefore probable that both the 
Siwalik specimens belonged to female individuals. 
The extremity of the larger skull has been broken off between the premolar 
and molar series, both zygomatic arches are wanting, together with considerable 
portions of the boundaries of the orbits ; part of the right frontal with its horn- 
core, and the greater part of the left horn-core, are also wanting ; the sphenoid 
region is considerably injured, both the paroccipital and one of the pterygoid pro- 
cesses having been broken off; in the right maxilla there are crowns of three 
molars remaining, a portion of their outer walls being, however, broken away ; 
on the left side there are only portions of the fractured crowns of the two 
ultimate molars. 
^ Kec. Geol. Snrv. India, Vol. IX, p. 88. 
^ Kec. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. IX, p. 57. 
