CRANIA OF RUMINANTS FROM THE INDIAN TERTIARIES. 75—162 
size, and pierces the maxilla immediately above the fii’st premolar : the position of 
this foramen on the anterior and not on the lateral surface of the maxilla is like what 
occurs in Camelopardalis ; between the nasals and the orbit there is a large vacuity 
shaped like an isosceles triangle, of which the apex is directed upwards and outwards, 
while the base is nearly horizontal ; there is no depression of the surface of the lachry- 
mals below the orbit as so commonly occurs in the antelopes ; in the absence of this 
depression the cranium agrees with Camelopardalis ; the exact relations of the lachry- 
mal to the surrounding bones cannot be determined, but the former seems to have 
been of considerable relative size. Below the orbits the skull gradually contracts in 
width down to the molar alveoli ; the maxillae are of great depth from the orbits to 
the molars ; this character is more Bovine than Antilopine or Giraffine : the lateral 
surfaces of the maxillae are nearly even, with the exception of a large conical tuber- 
osity above the penultimate premolar. Above the base of the nasals the frontals 
rise nearly vertically upwards, with a smooth facial surface, which gradually widens 
above ; immediately over the orbits the whole skull is contracted in width for a 
length of several inches ; at the point of fracture of the specimen the skull has again 
expanded nearly to its original width : the mass of cancellous bone which formed 
the base of the horn-cores does not show any sign of a median fissure, and the horn- 
cores probably did not diverge from their common base until a considerable distance 
above the plane of the frontals, as in Bramatliermm. 
On the lateral smTace of the cranium we find a deep and wide temporal fossa 
bounded superiorly by a well-marked ridge which extends backwards from the orbit 
along the base of the horn-cores ; a short distance behind the orbit there is a small 
tuberosity on this ridge ; the temporal fossa is open from above. The zygomatic- 
process of the squamosal is indented near its origin, and then suddenly bends out- 
wards to form the large glenoid cavity, the tympanic is compressed and without a 
bulla ; the meatus auditorius externus is directed outwards, and closely approxi- 
mated to the paroccipital process ; in the above characters this skull agrees with 
that of Camelopardalis and differs from the skulls of the Antelopes : the junction 
of the jugal with the zygomatic process of the squamosal is more prominent than 
any portion of the orbit. 
The occiput is remarkable for its great size and flatness, affording a large sur- 
face for the attachment of the muscles necessary to support so large a cranium ; the 
plane of this surface forms an obtuse angle with the plane of the frontals ; in shape 
the occiput is rudely oblong, with its superior border arched ; the transverse diameter 
is longer than the vertical diameter ; above the foramen magnum there is a deep 
and nearly circular hollow of large size for the attachment of the ligamentum 
nuchse ; this hollow is divided by a vertical median ridge : strong ridges directed 
upwards and outwards run from the foramen magnum below the ligamental fossa to 
the periphery of the occiput. The foramen magnum is of large size, and extends 
upwards considerably above the level of the condyles ; its axis is almost perpendi- 
cular to the plane of the occiput, and its vertical diameter is the larger of the two : 
