SIWALIK AND NARBADA PROBOSCIDIA. 
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outer, and tliese at first sight very closely resemble those of the molars of M. peri- 
mensis. The molars of the two species are further distinguished by the presence of 
cement in those of the Indian, and its absence in those of the European species. The 
general similarity, however, in the plan of the molars of the two species shows that 
they must he closely related, though the differences noticed above, as well as the 
dissimilarity in the mandible of the two species, which will he noticed below, affords 
marked points of distinction between them. 
Second upper true molar. — Of the second upper true molar of M. perimensis, a 
specimen from the right side, is represented in profile and plan in figs. 5 and 6 of the 
plate of the “ Palseontological Memoirs ” already referred to above ; that specimen 
was obtained from Perim Island, and is now in the collection of the Indian Museum. 
The figure in plan (6) is somewhat indistinct, and on a small scale, but it suffices 
to show that the tooth is but little worn, and that it carries four ridges and a 
large hind- talon (broken in the specimen), and that the inner columns of the ridges 
wear into trefoils, and the outer into oblongs, while the valleys contain cement. 
The length of the specimen, allowing slightly for the broken talon, is 5-0 inches, 
and its width 3' 5 inches. The tooth, which is represented in fig. 4 of Plate XLI 
of this memoir, was obtained by Mr, Theobald in the Punjab, and is from the right 
side of the upper jaw. It carries four ridges, and a very large hind-talon, and, 
except in the matter of size, agrees so exactly with the second upper true molar 
of Mastodon perimensis from Perim Island, that I have no doubt that it is the homo- 
logous tooth. The presence of the large hind-talon shows that the specimen cannot 
be the first true molar, in which, as we have already seen, that talon is but very 
slightly developed. The Punjab second molar is rather smaller than the Perim 
tooth, as we found to be the case with the first true molars from the same localities. 
The smaller tooth is probably that of a female. 
The figured tooth is well-worn, the dentine discs having become united in the 
first and second ridges. In the third ridge the dentine surfaces still form islands ; 
in this ridge the dentine of the inner column does not present a trefoil-shaped 
pattern, as in the anterior ridges at a corresponding state of detrition. The enamel 
of the fourth ridge is only just perforated by wear. The hind-talon is lower than 
the last ridge, and is still untouched by detrition; it presents a large median 
tubercle, fianked by a smaller tubercle on either side. The length of this tooth is 
5'4 inches, and its greatest width 2‘8 inches. This tooth shows well the great 
thickness of the enamel, a very characteristic point in the molars of the species. 
Comparison with M. longirostris. — If the figured second upper molar of 
M. perimensis be compared with the corresponding iooth of M. longirostris in the 
palate specimen figured by Kaup,^ it will be seen that the two teeth are almost exactly 
in the same relative condition of wear, and therefore well adapted for comparison. 
The Indian tooth differs from the European in possessing a very large talon, which 
appendage never seems to attain any size in the second molar of the latter. The 
* Loc, cit., PI. XVI, fig 5. 
