SIWALIK AND NAEBADA PEOBOSCIDIA. 
105—286 
Note. — In the foregoing table the ridge -formulae of the molars of the Indian fossil Proboscidia 
have been chiefly compiled from specimens in the Indian Museum, from those figured in the 
Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis/^ and from Dr. Falconer’s notes. In the other species the formulae have 
been taken from the' valuable memoirs of Professors Busk^ and Adams ^ in the publications of the 
Zoological and Palaeontographical Societies, and from the notes of Dr. Falconer. When, among the 
elephants with a high ridge-formula, a species appears (like E. americanus) with only a single cipher in 
each term, the formula must be regarded as only an approximation to the true one. 
Conclusion. 
At the close of this survey of the fossil Indian Froboscidia, a few general 
thoughts present themselves, which we will now consider. 
We find that in the Siwalik period there lived in India three species of Bino- 
therium, five of Mastodon, four of Stegodon, one of Loxodon, and one of EuelepJias. 
In the succeeding Narbada period, this proboscidian fauna, which is the richest in 
the world, was greatly reduced in number, and was only represented by possibly two 
species of Stegodon and one of Euelephas, the two former being Siwalik species and 
the latter new. It is, however, possible that Mastodon pandionis may have lived in 
the same period, as its teeth are said to have been found in the Deccan. In modern 
India this fauna has dwindled down to one species of Euelephas, — a species which is 
not known before the period of the recent alluvium. 
We find that the whole of these species of Frohoscidia (unless we accept Pro- 
fessor Leith Adams’ identification of JE. namadiciis with E. antiquus) are peculiar to 
India, but that many of them are represented by allied species in the Tertiaries 
and Post-Tertiaries of Europe. 
The following table exhibits this relationship : — 
Indian. 
Binothenum, 3 sp. 
Mio-Pliocene. 
Mastodon pandionis . 
Mio-Pliocene, Pleistocene (?) . 
M. falconeri 
Mio-Pliocene. 
M. latidens 
Mio-Pliocene. 
M. perimensis . 
Mio-Pliocene. 
Eueopean. 
. No very closely allied species. 
Genus of upper Miocene age. 
. M. angustidens. 
Upper Miocene. 
. No closely allied form, though approaching 
last species in form of molars. 
. No aUied species. 
f M. dissimilis^. 
Upper Pliocene. 
j M. longirostris. 
h Upper Miocene. 
' Trans. Zool. Soc., London, Vol. VI. 
2 “ British Fossil Elephants” Pal. Soc,, 1877-79. “ Maltese Fossil Elephants” : Trans. Zool. Soc,, London, 
Vol. IX. 
^ Of M. dissimilis I have only seen the figures of the molars given in Vol, II of the “ Archives du Museum 
D’Histoire NatureUe de Lyon the letter-press having not yet reached India, The molars seem to he of the type of 
M. longirostris, hut have less distinct trefoils. 
C 1 
