Prof. T. C. Chamberlin. 
53 
nal moraine. The three or four sections across this which were 
open to observation made it apparent that the moraine was 
formed by the basal layers of the ice-cap curving upward on en- 
countering the resistance of the wind-drift border in front. The 
upward movement may have been initiated by a concealed 
moraine below, but superficially, at least, it would appear that 
even solidified snow in great mass is sufficient to deflect the ad- 
vancing layers of ice, paradoxical as this certainly seems. 
RATE OF MOVEMENT OF THE ICE. Though I went 
equipped with a full instrumental outfit for measuring glacial 
movements, the condition of the gulf ice made it necessary for 
me to leave this part of my equipment with the ^‘Falcon” when 
I parted from it to go to Lieutenant Peary’s headquarters. This 
would have been a subject of much greater regret had not Lieu- 
tenant Peary already commenced a series of observations upon 
the movements of glaciers of the Inglefield region, both by in- 
struments and by photographs taken at intervals. It may not 
be inappropriate to quote for purposes of comparison a single 
result from his measurements. He found the daily movement 
of the Bowdoin Glacier, the most active in the vicinity of his 
headquarters, during the month of July to be four-tenths of a 
foot at the slowest point near the east border, and 2.78 feet at 
the fastest point near the centre, while the average for the whole 
breadth of the glacier was 1.89 feet. The movement of the 
majority of the glaciers of that region, particularly those that fail 
to reach the sea level is very much slower, indeed, in most cases, 
it is obviously exceedingly slow. While not permitted to make 
instrumental measurements, I took note of the ordinary signs of 
movement. In many cases these were found to be almost en- 
tirely absent. For instance, in front of the Fan Glacier there are 
cones of granular ice brought down by the streams which run 
upon the surface of the glacier. In addition to these, there are 
embankments of old snow soiled with earth, granulated, and half 
solidified into ice, as though at least a year old. These were 
found banked against the end of the glacier without any signs of 
movement on its part since their formation. As they leaned up 
against the terminal face to heights of thirty to forty feet, at least. 
