358 
Frank Carney 
water and was altered in several ways: (1) in some localities it was 
eroded by waves and currents, becoming fragmentary instead of 
being nearly continuous as abandoned beaches usually are; else- 
where it was washed down and flattened in cross-section; (2) the 
covering of water protected the beach from some phases of weather- 
ing, but emphasized others; (3) the water from the melting glacier 
contained much clay which filtered into the submerged beach and 
made it ‘ 'stiff er and more firm than the ordinary beach soil/' 
The "middle" of the three Maumee stages was terminated by a 
retreat of the glacier; then the lake, lowered by about 70 feet, began 
to escape thru a depression near Maple Rapids, Mich. (Taylor, 
Monograph 53, p. 363), initiating Lake Arkona. Another readvance 
of the ice closed the Maple Rapids outlet and the level of the water 
was raised about 35 feet, forming Lake Whittlesey, and submerging 
the Arkona beaches. Again the glacier front withdrew and Lake 
Wayne came into existence. Lake Warren was the next in the series; 
this stage resulted from a forward movement of the ice, closing the 
Wayne overflow channel and submerging the Wayne shoreline. 
Then the glacier front must have remained fairly stationary for a 
long time, as the Warren shoreline has a strong development. The 
next retreat of the ice margin uncovered an outlet about 50 feet 
lower in altitude, and Lake Lundy was established, the lowest of the 
lake stages which may be seen in Ohio. 
Lake Lundy 
Elkton Stage. A few segments of this shoreline have been in- 
dicated on the Oberlin quadrangle. Proceeding westward from the 
east side of the sheet, the first segment, about 15 rods long, is met 
half way between Avon Station and the Lake Shore Electric Railroad. 
After a gap of one-half mile the beach reappears about three-fourths 
of a mile northwest of Avon Station, as a broad ridge, in places six or 
seven feet high, of fine gravel and sand. About two miles west of 
Sheffield Station is another remnant of this shoreline, shorter and less 
distinct. Careful study of the area between this and the Black 
River, as well as west of the Black River, did not show any further 
beach structures. At the proper horizon for the Elkton shoreline the 
ground moraine bears a conspicuous number of bowlders which 
generally rest almost directly upon the Erie shale. The general 
levelness of the area, together with the relatively short duration of 
