368 
Frank Carney 
in consequence of this submergence consists of detached portions of 
beach ridges, usually washed down into broad swells of clayey sand, 
separated by long flat stretches over which there is sometimes a 
coating of sand, the only suggestion of wave-work. 
East of Ashtabula the Conneaut highway follows the beach of 
Lake Warren. Close to and paralleling its north slope are several 
stretches of sand, somewhat arched, which might be interpreted as 
barriers of the Warren stage; more likely, however, these belong to 
Lake Wayne. The sand when examined closely does not resemble 
the loose-textured and more-easily-poured Warren sand. 
Westward from Ashtabula the Lake Shore and Michigan South- 
ern railway parallels a sandy tract which is very uniform in surface 
features; only one ridge segment has been indicated on the map, and 
this swell may be entirely of wind, rather than wave, origin, though 
its position suggests a barrier relationship to the Wayne beach. 
Within the city limits of Ashtabula is a deposit of sand which 
may belong to Lake Warren, that is, of barrier origin; but its flat 
surface and content of clay suggest a washed-down Wayne beach. 
Commencing about a mile west of the city, the Wayne shoreline 
appears in disconnected ridges, low and sandy, parallel to the high- 
way. West of Saybrook, the shoreline segments lie a little farther 
north of the Warren beach. In Geneva the Wayne appears to lie 
between the Lake Shore railway and Main street which follows the 
Warren beach. Another Wayne segment, about a mile long, is noted 
west of Wheeler Creek. 
Lake Lundy 
Grassmere Stage. For a mile on the east side of the sheet the 
highway, which is just north of the Lake Shore and Michigan 
Southern railway, follows the Grassmere beach ridge which consists of 
sand, and in places stands 6 to 8 feet above the general level. No 
more evidence of this shoreline is found east of the Ashtabula River 
nor within the first mile west of the river; the absence of wave- 
deposited materials may be the result of stream action. Thence 
westward a broad belt of sand, with an occasional segment of beach 
ridge, characterizes the level of this lake stage. Throughout a dis- 
tance of three miles north of Saybrook even segments of sand are 
wanting. Nearing Geneva, however, the sandy belt bears numerous 
stretches of broken beaches; in no case, save where wind action has 
operated, are these ridges over three or four feet high. 
