Progress of Geology, 1891-1915 
375 
volumes V and VI and Preliminary Report on Petroleum and 
Natural Gas/^ embracing in all 1931 pages, before proceeding with 
his own plans as state geologist. Professor Orton in addition to a 
report on Botany and another on Archeology, published about 1200 
pages, divided almost equally between economic subjects, and 
stratigraphy and paleontology. 
The Fourth Survey was formed in 1899 with Professor Edward 
Orton, Jr., as state geologist. Under his direction the survey pub- 
lished 1825 pages; 79.8% was devoted to economic geology, and of 
the remainder, 332 pages consisted of a bibliography of geologic 
papers relating to Ohio, and 36 pages were devoted to the Nomen- 
clature of geological formations.'^ 
In 1906 Professor John Adams Bownocker was appointed State 
Geologist. During the nine years to date. Professor Bownocker, in 
addition to a new geological map of Ohio, has published 2872 pages, 
apportioned as follows: historic, 45.9%; the economic, 51.9%; the 
remainder, physiographic. It should be noted, however, that other 
physiographic problems have been under investigation for several 
years. Under no other State Geologist have the activities of the 
Survey been more generally distributed among different phases of 
geology. 
A New World Map, Federal geological organizations in the 
various countries have made it possible to consummate a proposal of 
the geographers. At a meeting of the Fifth International Geograph- 
ical Congress at Bern, in 1891, a movement was initiated for the 
production of a standardized world map, on a scale of one to one 
million, i. e., about 15.78 statute miles to the inch. This was an 
optimistic proposal, the realization of which would require the co- 
operative interest of the several governments which are making maps 
of their territory. Slowly the idea took root; France, Germany, and 
England began to publish sheets on this scale. Following the Eighth 
Geographical Congress, which met in this country in 1904, our 
government through the Topographic Branch of the Geological 
Survey, commenced the issue of such sheets. 
Uniformity in other respects than scale was insured by an agree- 
ment made at the Ninth Congress, which assembled in 1908 at 
Geneva, to use the polyconic projection, to reckon longitude from 
Greenwich, to have each sheet cover 4° of latitude and 6° of longitude, 
and to express altitude in intervals of 200 meters, though variations 
may be used in very flat and very mountainous regions. 
