154 
Frank Carney 
his new home in similar topography. This bias^ developed through j 
environment, whether inherited or acquired by the individual, is :i 
illustrated in the choice of lands made by Welsh immigrants who i 
came into Licking county, Ohio, early last century; they passed j 
by thousands of acres of lowlands, the richest in the state, and q 
selected farms in a rugged portion of the county, still owned by , > 
their descendants, and even now designated ‘‘The Welsh Hills.” 
(4) But in the region to which special study was given, the j 
geographic influence of springs is obvious. There are 203 houses j) 
in the township, 148 of which are built at springs; some of the 55 ; 
using wells formerly depended on springs. Both the horizontal j ; 
and vertical distribution of these dwellings is largely a matter of |l 1 
stratigraphy of which the springs are a manifestation. It should !( 
be noted, however, that the localization of houses near Mary Ann I 
Furnace is due to the fact that over sixty years ago iron ore, found | : 
in the neighboring hills, was reduced here; stoves also were manu- | ' 
factored at this place. The furnace was destroyed in 1853, but h 
the houses are still in use. I 
(a) Over 50 per cent of the dwellings with springs are in the | 
horizon of the Black Hand formation (fig. 13), which borders the | 
flood-plains of all the valleys, a distribution made possible because 
the formation has an eastern dip of about 25 feet pe:r mile. The 
springs in the Black Hand are numerous and copious (fig. 12), 
partly because of the thickness and texture of the formation, also 
because of its subjacency to horizons that carry water freely. | 
(b) In the Logan formation, I have mapped 30 houses with I 
springs. There is doubt concerning a few of these, an indefinite- I 
ness occasioned by the absence of contacts. The Logan sediments j 
suffered erosion contemporaneously with Pottsville sedimentation; | 
furthermore, the Logan, in comparison with its contact forma- 
tions, the Black Hand and the Sharon, weathers easily, producing 
gentle slopes. These two conditions make it doubtful about the i 
exact horizon of a spring near either the top or the base of the il 
Logan. 
(c) Slightly less than 17 per cent of the houses with springs I 
are found in the Sharon. The areal extent of all the exposed for- I 
mations diminishes vertically, hence the number and the volume 
of the springs decrease; the value of the land for farming also ■ 
decreases with altitude. A further fact concerning the springs of 
the Sharon is their content of iron, making them less desirable 
than springs in either of the lower formations (fig. 10). 1 
