A Strati graphical Study 
155 
The township contains no extensive areas of outcropping coal 
measure or Pennsylvanian formations, save in the south central 
portion; elsewhere disintegration has left only outliers. In the 
area west of Mary Ann Furnace, covering several square miles, 
and another along the eastern border of the township, there are 
eighteen houses, three of which, now occupied, have springs. For 
the entire township, the average number of houses per square mile 
is about eight; for the horizon of the coal measures, it is less than 
two. That springs are rare is not the sole cause for the discrepancy; 
the bleakness of the upland, and the unproductiveness of the soil 
are contributory factors. 
About 10 per cent of the homes with springs are built on glacial 
deposits. The drift is localized chiefly in the valleys. The ice- 
sheet covered approximately two-fifths of the township, but left 
scarcely a veneer of drift on the intervalley areas. While fourteen 
springs have been mapped as belonging to the drift, it is quite 
probable that a good fraction of these are fed by water courses 
from the Black Hand formation. Of the wells noted, 56 per cent 
are in glacial deposits. 
Still another evidence of the influence due to springs is seen in 
the fact that of the eight deserted houses in the townships one is 
in the Black Hand formation, one in the Logan and six in the 
Coal-Measures, the horizon practically without springs. It is noted 
also that 22 per cent of the dwellings are off highways, an iso- 
lation due entirely to springs. Furthermore, dairying has always 
been carried on in this region (fig. 14) because in the summer sea- 
son the springs furnish cool water for handling milk. 
