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Frank Carney 
to its level. A glacial gorge has an amphitheater at its head; 
a water-worn gorge has not.’’^® 
1899 — A. P. BRIGHAM. 
In an abstract of Brigham’s paper “Glacial Erosion in the Aar 
valley” is this: “Below the lower Aar glacier, on the south side, 
a stream descends over the steep cliff face, carrying the waters 
of the upper Aar glacier. The lateral valley enters its principal i 
some hundreds of feet above the floor of the latter, and thus is a 
typical case of the hanging valley Similar hanging il 
valleys enter from east and west at Innertkirchen. j 
So far as I have been able to learn, this is the first published i 
recognition by an American of “ hanging valleys ” in other lands. | 
1899 — G. K. GILBERT. !' 
In the discussion of Brigham’s paper, Gilbert is reported thus: 
“He had been greatly impressed, years ago, by the magnitude of 
the glacial excavation indicated by such phenomena in the high I 
Sierra, and last summer had found the coast of Alaska replete 
with similar evidence. After sailing for weeks through Alaskan 
fiords and observing scores of hanging valleys, he had come to i 
regard their occurrence as diagnostic of the former extent of glacia- 
tion, and had used them with confidence as criteria for the dis- || 
crimination of glaciated districts. | 
ji 
1900— W. M. DAVIS ij 
ji 
In discussing the “ hanging valleys ” of the Ticino he says : “ The j| 
persistent association of this discordance with valleys that have f 
been strongly glaciated points so conclusively to glacial erosion 
as its explanation that the doubts which I had long felt as 
to the ability of ice to erode deep valleys and basins — doubts 
which were not altogether dispelled by the arguments adduced j 
by many glacialists regarding the U-shaped cross-section of ice- j 
worn valleys, and by the form and distribution of lake basins — | 
National Geographic Magazine^ “Lake Chelan,” vol. ix, p. 422. ^ 
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. xi, p. 590. j 
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. xi, p. 591, 1900. | 
