Raised Beaches near Cleveland, Ohio 
265 
i 
ridges between Elyria and Cleveland. Each ridge was traced 
for several miles at intervals; no attempt was made to give a de- 
I tailed description of any particular beach. 
j From about 1890, the shore-phenomena of ice-front lakes has 
been given special attention by many trained geologists, either 
! independent workers, State Survey men, or employees of the Can- 
I adian and United States Geological Surveys. The descriptions 
of, and references to, the beaches in the vicinity of Cleveland are 
numerous and have involved much labor in their correlation. The 
actuating purpose of each of these workers was the bearing that 
I the ridges of a particular locality have on broader questions of the 
greater lakes’ history; for this reason, we find very few close stud- 
ies of any of the beaches. 
The present investigation concerns the lake ridges of a narrow 
area; it attempts no contribution whatever to the larger problem 
of successive ice-front lakes. One of my purposes is the interpre- 
tation of the activities along present water-bodies from the stand- 
' point of work done by water-bodies of the past. The activities 
of wave and shore currents of the present Lake Erie may be intel- 
ligently studied in the light of what these same agencies were 
doing when the lake was one hundred to two hundred feet deeper. 
At no place in the State can one find in such horizontal nearness, 
in more complete development, and in better preservation, the 
shore lines of former water-bodies. 
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF ICE-FRONT LAKES. 
: When the great ice-sheet attained its maximum development 
in North America, east of the Mississippi it extended beyond the 
divide of the present St. Lawrence drainage basin. This position 
was not reached by an uninterrupted progress. From the dis- 
persion centers of Labrador and Keewatin the ice fed outward, 
sometimes maintaining a stationary front because melting and 
feeding were balanced, retreating when wastage was the more 
active, and advancing with the ascendancy of the feeding. 
Wherever the great plain over which the ice was spreading 
sloped away from the ice, drainage moved freely; where, however, 
this plain sloped toward the coming ice, the water gathered, form- 
ing lakes. 
The record of the bodies of water marginal to the Wisconsin 
