Raised Beaches near Cleveland, Ohio 
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gradient, save at the edge of the water, where, for a short horizon- 
tal distance, the angle is sharper; the back-slope often has a short, 
sharp angle, and stands more conspicuously above the coast 
(figs. 2, 3). 
When the waves do not strike the shore directly, the oblique 
movement sets up an along-shore drift; this along-shore drift is a 
more active distributing agent when the coast is parallel to, or 
but slightly transverse to, the direction of the prevailing winds. 
The outlines of these high-level lakes were in general concentric 
with the present Lake Erie, the shore of which is well exposed to 
the sweep of the prevailing west winds. It is due to this relation- 
ship that headlands have been removed and their products dis- 
tributed to the east. 
Where an angle of water extends into the land, we generally 
find a spit gradually growing out across this reenterent from its 
windward side. The along-shore movement of water distributes 
material in a straight line unless some stronger force tends to 
deflect the line of deposition. Such a deflecting force is present 
when we find translatory waves passing landward through the 
deepening area of the bay; then the spit is bent inward in the shape 
of a hook. As the height of the spit increases from its tied end, 
the effectiveness of this deflecting movement is tempered, and we 
see in consequence, that the spit continues its development in a 
straight line, leaving the hooked portion as an irregularity on the 
back slope of the spit; when the bay has been completely shut 
off, this constructed form is called a har. It not infrequently 
happens that spits are developed outward from either side of a 
bay, sometimes uniting, and sometimes passing each other, thus 
isolating the bay. 
In the construction of spits from the windward angle of the bay, 
sometimes intervening areas are isolated and form lagoons. These 
lagoons may be developed in series, as when the spit terminates in 
a hook and later continues to grow forward; more often, however, 
the lagoons have long axes parallel with the trend of the bars. 
Through the interference of shore currents, such interferences 
often arising from deflected movements of water, the loose mate- 
rials instead of being carried continuously parallel with the shore,' 
are so deposited as to form a cape which gradually grows out into 
the water. This constructional form is termed a cusp. 
. When the shore slopes gradually into deeper water, the higher 
