2/0 
Frank Carney 
waves break some distance from the shore; the work then done is 
similar to that accomplished by strong waves breaking at the 
water-margin, that is, material is piled up; this piling up of detritus 
in deeper water develops a harrier which is, in reality, a sub- 
merged beach ridge; barriers therefore, are parallel to the shore. 
Much of the material which enters into the construction of bar- 
riers has been carried back from the shore by the undertow. In 
time the barrier grows higher, and accordingly interferes with the 
velocity of along-shore currents, causing the water to drop some 
of the load it may be carrying. From this time on, the barrier 
grows through these two methods; it may ultimately rise to the 
surface of the water and eventually form the shore line proper; 
when this happens, the space between the beach ridge or cliff, and 
the barrier, becomes a lagoon. 
We sometimes find a cusp fringed by a barrier; the process of 
its development is identical with the method above discussed. 
Between this barrier and the cusp, a lagoon may appear. The 
barrier may or may not border the entire cusp. 
Islands, and shallow places due to irregularities of the lake bed, 
interfere with the movements of the water; the former undergo 
wave and current erosion, thus supplying materials for the con- 
struction of spits, etc.; the latter, when rising sufficiently near to 
the surface of the water, may check its velocity and thus grow 
upward through the accession of deposits. With the continuation 
of this process, an island may appear, and from it spits will 
develop with the course of the prevailing winds. 
LAKE MAUMEE LEVEL. 
I will describe these beaches from west to east across the Cleve- 
land area (fig. i). The altitude usually assigned to the Maumee 
level ranges from 765 to 785 feet. This lake w^as about 200 feet 
deeper than Lake Erie. Two stages are indicated by a higher 
and lower beach varying 15 to 20 feet in altitude. 
From Fields east to the Elyria traction line this shore consists 
of a cliff and terrace cut in the glacial drift (fig. 2, A); the terrace 
bears some gravel; thence to the vicinity of Kamms, which is just 
east of the Rocky river, it is made of gravel and sand. In places 
this beach has a steep back-slope; throughout most of the dis- 
tance, the front slope rises from 15 to 20 feet (fig. 2, B, C, D). 
