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Frank Carney 
general farming, extensive in its application. Land was cheap and 
there was plenty of it; population was sparse, hence markets were 
limited. Only the old staple lines of grains and fruits were cul- 
tivated. Even in a generation, the descendants of these New 
England emigrants learned that the muck lands associated with 
the ridges were especially adapted to the growth of onions; further 
than this, I have not been able to learn of much ingenuity on the 
part of these aboriginal farmers. Gradually as more distant out- 
lets were found, the first through the construction of good stage 
roads, later through the digging of canals and the stimulated lake- 
navigation, and finally through the building of railroads, agricul- 
ture became more varied. 
More thought was given to adapting crops to the soil. The 
broad flats below the Whittlesey level were found better suited 
to the growth of vineyards; the soil here is clay, for the most part 
either glacial or residual of the old shales. We note in this region 
at the present time further diversity, particularly where a low swell 
of gravel breaks the usual clay; these slight ridges may be located, 
usually by an apple orchard three or four rows of trees wide, but 
awkwardly long. 
With the increasing city population, a growth made up very 
largely of foreigners attracted by opportunities of labor, there 
came increasing local demands; but the local farmer was tardy in 
responding to this demand; he was not so thrifty that he regarded 
his farm investment as a good one; in consequence, the provident 
foreigner from his days’ labor relentlessly saved and so became 
a farmer. With this gradual supplanting of the New England 
farmer by the Danes, Germans, Bohemians, and Polanders, came 
the installation of European thoroughness in agriculture. Inten- 
sive and specialized farming rather than the former extensive 
method was inaugurated as these men became land owners. 
Earms that had been barely supplying the expenses of living for a 
Yankee family later formed the basis of permanent bank accounts. 
The beach ridges were enriched, crops adapted to them were 
grown; the sandy fields were so treated as to be made more depend- 
able in times of drought; stubborn clay areas were drained and 
lightened. As the city of Cleveland continued to grow in popula- 
tion, market-gardening in the hands of these foreigners was made 
very profitable. These new emigrants from old Europe brought 
with them a training acquired through generations of ancestors 
