400 
Frank Carney 
GENERAL DISCUSSION OF ESKERS. I 
Location. From the standpoint of altitude we note that Nos. 
2 and 3 start below the I200-foot contour. All the others are 
higher. Nos. i to 4, 6 and 7, descend with the valley wall on ^ 
which they lie, and terminate, so far as has been observed for 
those wholly on the Moravia quadrangle, in the flat valley bot- 
toms. No. 5 starts on a flood plain and ascends over 100 feet. 
No. 9 reaches across a level upland swamp. No. 8, transverse 
to drainage slopes, is highest in altitude and exhibits the greatest |i 
vertical range. j 
Direction. Nos. I, 2, 3 and 5 are more or less in harmony j 
with the supposed movement of the ice. No. 9 appears to be ■ 
opposed to ice movement, while No. 8 is plainly transverse, and | 
Nos. 4, 6 and 7 are somewhat transverse to the line of ice motion, i 
No. 8 exhibits a possible yielding to the activity of the moving 
ice; by reference to the map we observe that this esker crosses a 
well developed drainage line which opens toward the general 
direction of ice motion. The segment of the esker as it crosses 
the axis of this valley obviously bows in the direction of ice motion. | 
For this reason it is felt that the subglacial stream developed the I 
course indicated by the esker ridge. i 
Genesis. It is already apparent from this discussion that we | 
are dealing with two types of conditions from which correspond- 
ing types of eskers have taken their origin. Nos. 4, 6, 7 and 9, 
all of which are short and occupy each a continuous slope, evi- !| 
dently were produced in a brief space of time. They represent 
the transient drainage that became subglacial from a super- j 
glacial position, or from marginal areas of ponded water adjacent | 
to stagnant ice which occupied the neighboring low areas, being ’ 
merely a line of escape of such waters. The conditions are not 
identical in all of these, but they have in common the location in 
reference to a valley, and the short linear extension indicating a 
brief period of formation. 
No. 7 originates in a cluster of kami& knolls indicating clearly ] 
the subglacial course of waters formerly superglacial or marginal, i 
If the point at which this drainage became subglacial had been j 
40 or 50 rods to the east the course of the resulting esker would 
have been either south or southeast. The position of the kame 
deposits in the vicinty of Lake Como is evidence that a large area 
