404 
Frank Carney 
then covered with ice, and that the subglacial stream had its 
course marked out shortly preceding the period of subdued activ- 
ity when the ice on the higher areas to the south and southeast 
disappeared completely. The manner in which the southwest 
portion of this esker shows some southward deflection seems also 
to indicate the activity of the ice still remaining in the Moravia 
valley. 
Conclusion, {a) As to distribution, these eskers illustrate the 
usual association between slopes and streams. Nos. 2, 4 and 
the southern part of No. 5 are quite parallel to the axis of the 
valley which each follows. Nos. i, 3, 6, 7 and 9 course down 
valley walls of moderate slopes. In the case of No. 3, however, 
the valley-wall control is not so obvious. This esker probably 
trends north of the course which the rock slope, here deeply buried, 
would give it. 
ib) In reference to degree of development, those eskers hav- 
ing the slightest gradients are most pronounced, both in bulk of 
deposits and in sinuosity of course. 
(r) As to cause, it is apparent that the eskers of this sheet are 
due to an association of inactive ice and relief. In the absence of 
valleys and plains of marked gradient, eskers would be much 
less common, as they would then represent the subglacial outlets 
of superglacial waterways. Stagnant, or slightly active, ice ap- 
pears to have been the principal factor associated with the eskers 
of the Moravia quadrangle. 
Bowlders of the Drift. 
Composition. The most conspicuous of the glacial bowlders 
seen in the Moravia quadrangle consist of crystalline rocks car- 
ried in from the Canadian or other northern areas. Bowlders of 
local and neighboring sedimentary rocks were likewise noted. 
On the west wall of the valley just south of the moraine loop 
‘‘F” (p. 358), many Oriskany sandstone bowlders may be seen; 
now and then an Oriskany bowlder was noted elsewhere on the 
sheet, but nowhere else were they numerous enough to attract 
attention. So far as I am aWare the nearest outcrop of the Oris- 
kany formation is found in Cayuga valley east of Union Springs. 
Small bowlders and pebbles of Medina sandstone, while not 
plentiful, may be found especially in the sections of kames. 
