Pleistocene Geology of Moravia Quadrangle 413 
increase and a drop in its water level of 100 or more 
ultimate outlet of Lake Warren was via Chicago, 
with possibly several intermediate levels due to successively 
lower channels between the Huron and Lake Michigan lobes; 
the steps in this history have been described by Taylor.^® It 
seems apparent, according to Fairchild, that Lake Warren in 
its later stage may have had also an overflow to the east as the ice 
withdrew gradually to the axis of the Mohawk lowland area. 
Glacial lakes Newberry and Warren are therefore associated with 
the more general expansion of the ice-sheet. The earlier lakes 
which progressively united to form these great water bodies were 
associated with minor lobes that reached southward through the 
axes of the Finger lake valleys. A consideration of the high- 
level lakes of the Moravia quadrangle starts, then, with the minor 
bodies of water which skirted the retreating ice-front. 
When the Cayuga lobe reached somewhat south of Ithaca, with 
one dependency extending into the valley of Sixmile creek, and 
another towards Newfield, a lake stood in front of each of these 
minor glaciers, one. Lake Brookton, overflowing by wav of Willsey- 
ville (Fairchild’s White Church spillway), the other, West Danby 
lake, via Spencer Summit. With the withdrawal of the ice 
from South Hill,” the salient just south of Ithaca, these two 
bodies of water coalesced, forming glacial Lake Ithaca, which over- 
flowed by way of White Church. Lake Ithaca endured till the 
ice had retreated, revealing an altitude lower than that of the White 
Church spillway; this occurred at Ovid. Lake Ithaca then flowed 
into glacial Lake Watkins, which escaped southward over a spill- 
way at Horseheads.2® 
The statement has already been reiterated that the region east 
of Cayuga valley Was controlled by the lobe of ice that persisted 
in this valley long after areas on the same parallels eastward were 
ice-free. This condition maintained in the Moravia quadrangle 
a general northeast-southwest position of the ice-front. The 
study of moraine belts led to this deduction; an interpretation of 
the high-level deltas further fortifies the conclusion. 
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.y vol. viii (1896), pp. 48-53. 
New York State Museum^ Bulletin 106 (1907), pp. 43-44. 
The resume contained in this paragraph is based on the publications of Fair- 
child. The writer, however, has made a field study of all the localities mentioned. 
I great areal 
feet. The 
