6 
C. L. Herrick 
due to a reactionary process in the tissues, notably the vascular contrac- 
tions. There may be several oscillations of pain and a set of summations 
of a curious character. It is even possible by bringing to bear counter- 
irritants, to preclude these after-effects and mitigate the pain, as by 
rubbing or pinching the part. ” In the case of a burn the conductivity 
of the tissues and vascular responses are even more evident, and such 
attempts to differentiate pain from sensation as a modality of feeling 
are futile. The fact that there may be analgesia without anaesthesia, 
and vice versa, is tentatively explained by the recent suggestion, that 
thermic and painful sensations find their way to the cortex through 
the gray matter of the cord instead of the fibrous columns, and affords 
us added data for the generalization for which we are now ready, viz: 
Feeling is always composed of two sets of factors, first, a sensational ele- 
ment, and second, a cognitive element. The sensations which directly 
participate in feeling are non-localized (general or total sensations), or 
are so acute as to irradiate, and thus ally themselves with total sensa- 
tions. The cognitions are primarily such as identify the subjective 
state with the empirical ego.^ 
I. Feelings. 
Sensations. 
Sense gratification 
General or Total 
and pain. 
Feelings. 
II. Occasions. 
Normal (moderate) 
Super-normal stim- 
Diffuse (somatic) , 
sensory stimuli. 
uli, with tend- 
especially 'Total” 
ency to irradi- 
stimuli. 
ate. 
‘‘Bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, 
and our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion. Ob- 
jects excite bodily changes by a pre-organized mechanism, and these 
changes are so indefinitely numerous and so subtle that the entire organ- 
ism may be called a sounding-board, which every change of conscious- 
ness, however slight, may make reverberate. Every one of the bodily 
changes is felt acutely or obscurely the moment it occurs. ” 
“Emotion consists (1) of general sensations of total, organic, or irra- 
diating varieties which have in common a lack of localization and, as a 
result of associational laws, are amalgamated more or less closely with 
the empirical ego; (2) of more or less explicate or implicate cognitions 
(perceptions, intuitions) of the relation between the cause of the sensa- 
tion and our well-being; (3) the emotion is more or less closely attached 
to various impulsive expressions which tend in various ways to intensify 
the two preceding. More in detail: The sensations are produced in 
^ This, and most of what follows, is taken from “ The Physiological and Psychologi- 
cal Basis of the Emotions,” Wood’s Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, 
vol. 9, 1893, Supplement, p. 270. 
