The Metaphysics of a Naturalist 
7 
most cases by vaso-motor changes which, in turn, produce ^ total sensa- 
tions,’ usually entirely unlocalized and not necessarily distinguished 
apart from the feeling. Such sensations may be recognized and to some 
extent analyzed, by practice. They precede the emotion proper and 
compose its sensational element. When one lies half asleep in the morn- 
ing and a loud report startles him, the sudden surging of the blood to the 
periphery produces a familiar but indescribable sensation, which may 
include tingling at the finger tips, a curious twinge in the axils, a suffo- 
cating sensation in the chest, as more speeific accompaniments. Then a 
flash of fancy depicts the burglar in the kitchen and a scene of blood- 
shed, danger to self, and the like; now perhaps a strange ‘gone’ feeling 
in the abdomen, and helpless atonic condition of muscles follow; then 
impulse dominates, and the tendency to spring to the defensive arises; 
all this before judgment announced that the cook has slammed the range 
door. Granting that the illustration has served to indicate the meaning 
of the statement above, it need require but brief experiment and self- 
observation to show that vaso-motor and organic changes always accom- 
pany and afford a sensational basis for feelings It is then no 
Emotions. 
Somatic changes 
occasioned or ac- 
companied by 
cortical activity. 
i Impulses. 
Reflexes excited by 
somatic and cor- 
tical activity. 
Sentiment. 
Persistent cortical 
changes. 
Disposition. 
Reactions of corti- 
cal residua or 
new data of con- 
sciousness. 
mere figure which localizes the emotions in the heart or bowels, but a 
statement of sober physiological truth. A heartless man is one whose 
intellectual appreciation of the results of an act does not awaken sym- 
pathetic thrills in his physical being adequate to quicken in him a partici- 
patory or sympathetic state.” 
“The sensational elements in emotion are, first, pains and sense grati- 
fications; second, obscure organic and total sensations which are not usu- 
ally perceived as such, but are interpreted as part of the feeling; third, 
reproduced pains or gratifications always followed or accompanied by 
total sensations; fourth, representations which awaken by association 
either reproduced pains and gratifications which, in turn, give rise to 
total sensations, or the latter without the former; fifth, instincts which 
obey laws of association whose rational explanation lies in the devel- 
opment or phylogenetic history.” 
“Pain and sense gratification are more difficult to construe, because 
more direct and simple than the others named. So long as pain, etc., 
were regarded as simply exaggerated forms of ordinary sensation the 
problem was insoluble. That this is not the case is suggested by the 
fact that they pursue other courses in the cord, and are associated more 
