MEMOIES OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
57 
C. ?. Pupa with no free segments, appendages adherent to all abdominal segments. Lyoneiia, 
Ccmioatoma, BedeUia. 
Note. — Eriocephala (Micropteryx pnrpurella, etc.) appears by imaginal characters to belong to Adelidie. But 
the pupa is truly incomplete, not semiin complete, as all the other lucompletie are; that is, the appendages are all 
absolutely distinct and free, and all the abdominal segments are “free;'’ moreover, it x^ossesses working jaws. 
Api>areutly a few months after the imblicatiou of Dr. Chax>mau’s paper Professor Comstock’s^ 
able ami suggestive paper appeared, in which he uses the venation of the wings as taxonomic- 
characters, and xwoposes to make the following divisions of the Lepidoptera: 
A. Suborder Jug AT.E. 
B. The Macrojugaiw Family HEPiALiDiE. 
Microjngatai.__ Family Micropterygid.e 
A A. Suborder Frexat.e. 
B. The microfrenaftv. 
C. The TineUU Superfamily Tineixa 
C C. The Tortricida Superfamily Tortricixa 
C C C. The TyralkU Superfamily Pyralidina 
B B. The Macrofrenatw. 
Without entering into further details, we only add the succession of the families of this 
division given by the author in ascending order, beginning with the most generalized: 
Megalopygidjp. 
Zygaenidifi in part. 
Psychidie. 
Cossid®. 
Limacodid®. 
Dioptid®. 
Notodontid® . 
Brephid®. 
Geometridie. 
Cymatox^horidie. 
Noctuid®. 
Liparid®. 
Agaristid®. 
Arctiid®. 
Sesiid®. 
Thyridid®. 
Zygaeniua. 
Saturniina. 
Drepanida* *. 
Lasiocamxiid®. 
Hesperid®. 
Papilionid®. 
Pierid®. 
Lycaenid®. 
Nymx>halid®. 
The objection we should make to this arrangement of the Lepidoptera into two suborders,. 
Jugatie and Frenatm, is that the characters used are too slight, and do not agi*ee with the more 
fundamental pupal characters or with imxiortant imaginal features. The jugum is of slight if 
any functional value, and in Micropteryx, as in Trichoptera, occurs both in the hind and front 
wings,- a point apparently overlooked by Comstock, The Jlexhalidm, as we shall hope to show, 
are much less generalized forms than the Eriocephalidm, or even the Micropterygidm; the pupm of 
both these groups have free limbs and abdominal segments, belonging to what Si)eyer calls a group 
of Pupa libera. The Tlepialidm also neither xiossess maxillary iialpi nor vestigial mandibles 5 they 
are borers in the hirval state, and the pnini has not free limbs, but is ineompJeta. They 
are scarcely ancestral, though Very primitive, forms, but have already become modified, having 
no traces of mandibles and no maxilUe, and in our native si)ecies the labial jiali^i have already 
begun to degenerate. We therefore scarcely see good reasons for iDlacing the family at the 
very foot of the order below Micropteryx, but should regard the family as a side branch of the 
Paheolepidoptera, which, very soon after the appearance of the order, became somewhat specialized. 
Comstock’s Frenatie comprises a heterogeneous collection of families, some of which have no 
frenulum at all; and when [present they offer secondary sexual characters. The absence or 
I)resehee of a frenulum is hardly, then, a sufficiently fundamental character to be used in 
establishing a great primaiy division. Besides tliis there is a rather close alliance between the 
Hepialidic and Cosskhe, the latter having a rudimentary frenulum. Chapman remarks that while 
Cossiis and llei)ialus arc quite distinct in x)iii)al characters, there ai)X)ear to exist in Australia 
many forms uniting them with Zeuzera into one family. The venation is also quite similar, and 
while the two families of Cossidm and Hexiialidic are in some most important respects quite far 
apart, one being, so to speak, tineid and the other tortricid in structure, yet it would, we think,, 
be a forced and unsound taxonomy to assign them to different suborders. 
* Evolution and Taxonomy. An essay on the application of the theory of natural selection in the classification 
of animals and xilauts, illustrated hy a study of the wings of insects and by a contribution to the classification of 
the Lepidoptera. Ithaca, N. Y., 1893. 
* In his drawing of the wings of Microx>teryx Comstock has not represented the jngum-like llax) on the 
hind Aving, Avhich is present in Micropteryx purpurelJa, though not apparently in TlHocephala calthella. Since it 
occurs on the hind as Avell as fore wings, I doubt that it is of much use in keeping the wings spread. 
