■58 
ME:\tOIKS OF THE i^ATlONAL ACADEMY OF SCIE:N^CES. 
Suborder I. — Lepidoptera lacoiata or Peotolepidopteea. 
The taxonomic importance of Walter’s most interesting discovery, that Eriocepltala calthella 
has maxillie constructed on the type of those of biting or mandibulate insects, i. e., -with an inner 
(galea) and outer lobe (lacinin) besides the i)alpi (fig. 2), was apparently overlooked by him as 
well as others, though its bearings on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera, insisted on by Walter, are, 
it seems to us, of the highest interest. The jiresenee of two maxillary lobes, homologous with the 
galea and lacinia of the Mecoptera (Panorpida') and Xeuroiitera (Corydalus, ^rymeleon, as well 
as the lower orders, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, etc.) in what in other important resi»ects 
also is the ‘lowest” or most ]>rimitive genus of Lepidoptera, the lacinia being a rudimental, 
scarcely functional, haustellum or tongue, and not merely a vestigial structure, is of great 
signihcauce from a ])hylogenetic point of view, besides affording a basis for a 
division of the Lepidoptera into two grand divisions or suborders, for which 
we would propose the names Leindoi)tera laciniata and Lepidoptera haiisteUata. 
Walter thus writes of the first pair of inaxilhe: 
The other mouth parts also of tho lower Micropterygiuio have a most primitive char- 
acteristic. lu tho first i)air of maxilla; of Microptn'yx calfhella, aniuceVa, andei'acheJla, aud 
aureafeUa, cardo and stipes are present as two clearly separate i)ieces. Tho former in J/. 
caliheUa and arunceUa, in comparison with tho latter, is larger than in anderschella aud 
anreateUa. In the last two species the cardo is still tolerably hroad, hut reduced. The st^es 
is considerably longer than the cardo in the last two species, while it is of the same thickness. 
From the stipes arises the large six-jointed palpus maxillaris, making two or three bends 
aud concealing the entire front of the head and all the mouth parts. At its base, and this 
is uubjuo among all tho Lepidoptera, two entirely separate maxillary lohes arise from the 
stipes. The external represents the most primitive rudiment^ (anlage) of a lepidopterons 
tongne. (Fig. 2.) 
It is evident from Walter’s figures and description that this structui'e is not 
a case of reduction by disuse, but that it represents the primitive condition of 
this lobe, the galea of the maxilla, and this is confirmed by the presence of the 
lacinia, a lobe of the maxilla not known to exist in any other adult lepidopterons 
insect, it being the two galem Avhich become elongated, united, and highly 
specialized to form the so-called tongue, haustellum, or glossa of all Lepidoptera 
above the Eriocephabdte, which we may therefore regard as the types of the 
Lepidoptera lacmiata.^ 
Another most important feature correlated with this, aud not known to exist 
in Lepidoptera liaiistellaia^ is the presence of two lobes of the second maxilla:, besides the three- 
jointed labial palpi, and whicli correspond to the mala exterior and mala interior of the second 
maxilhu of Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Platyptera, Perlidie, Termitidje, and Odonata, and also, as 
Walter states, to the ligula and paraglossai of Hyinenoptera. In this respect the laciniate 
-Lepidoptera <are more generalized insects than the Triclioptera or Mecoptera. 
Walter thus describes the two lobes or outer and inner mala of the second maxilla:: 
Within and at the base of the labial palpi is a jiair of clutinons leaves provided with stiff bristles, being the 
external second lobes of theunderlii), formed by the consolidation of the second i)air of maxilhe and which reach when 
• extended to about the second third of the length of the second palpal joint. Its inner edge is directly connected with 
the inner lobe (mala interna). The latter are coalesced into a short wide tube which, by the greater size of the hinder 
wall, opens externally on the point, also appearing as if at the same time cut off obliquely from within outward. 
^lu accordance with an English author, I think, but whose name escapes me, I use the term rudiment in the 
sense of the German word Anlage, and vestige for an organ Avhich has or is undergoing reduction, degeneration, or 
atrophy. I am aware that the word Anlage has no English equivalent, but can scarcely accept the word 
^^fuudament'^ as better than rudiment. We may, then, speak of germs or rudiments, and of rudimentary when 
referring to tho incipient organs of the yoimg or adult, regarding vestigial organs as those on the point of atrophy 
from disuse. The term blast for Anlage I should accept for embryonic structures in their iucipient or germinal 
condition. 
2 In his paper on the larva of Eriocephala, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 335), Dr. Chairman separates 
the old genus Micropteryx into two families: Erioceplialid(ii Micvopierygldoi. His group Eriocephalidie I have 
regarded as comj)ri8ing the type of the suborder Lepidoptera laciniata or Protolepidopfera. 
Fig. 2. — ilaxilla of 
Eriocephala calthella^ 
I, lacinia; g, galoa; 
mx,p, maxillary pal- 
pu.s; st^ stipes ; c, 
cardo.— After Walter. 
