]\[EM01ES OF THE NATIONAL ACxVDEMY OF SCIENCES. 
85 
Fig. 47. — Venation of fore wing of Ful- 
gora. — After Spuler. 
Fio. 48— Venation of 
8eniii>ui)a of Centra 
nitUi . — After Spuler. 
Fi«. 49.— Venation oi GracUaria syritigella; A 
moth ; B, of seinipupa. — After Spuler. 
Spiiler also shows that the venation of tlie Orthoptera, especially their most generalized form 
Blatta, is fnndainentally nearlj^ identical with that of the Leiiidoptera, veins I-Y being readily 
homologized with tho.se of the latter group; so also with the most generalized Ilemiptera (Fulgora, 
fig. 47). We nvay also draw attention to the remarkable resemblance in the venation of the 
generalized Psocid genus Amphientomum, which at first sight, 
from the shape and size of the wings, reminds one of a Micro- 
pteryx or Eriocephahi, while it also has a few 
scales like those of these moths. 
But tliat the system of venation of Spuler 
is inoridiologically the correct one is fully 
and satisfactorily proved by the ontogenetic 
development of the veins. Fritz Miiller 
(Kosmos, i, p. 390) was the first to examine 
the incipient venation of two semipui)iil moths {Casinia ardalvs). He 
observed that in the immature pupa the cross veins were wanting, and that 
different longitudinal veins, w^hich afterwards more or less completely disap- 
peared, were present, and hence he regarded the pupal venation as the primi- 
tive one. This view Spuler has adopted 
and extended, and it plainly enough, 
supported by the researches of Brauer and Eedtenbaeher on 
the venation of the nymph of Odonata, solves the lu’oblem 
of the A’enation of insects in general 
and especially for Neuroptera, Tri- 
choptera, Mecoptera (Fauorpida*), 
Lepidoptera, and Diptera. 
Spider’s methed was to stiipoff 
the loose skin of a caterpillar just beginning to pupate, and examine the 
incipient venation of the wings of the young pupa on the living insect. He 
placed the living pupa in water and then, since the process of thickening 
and resulting concealment of the veins- of tlie wing is retarded, the tra- 
fig. 5o._yenation of Taic&jio- clieul bruuches becouie slightly enlarged, filled with air, and thus are more 
na pseudobomhycella.— A iter ^ v o 7 7 
Spuler. easily seen. Hence 
small pnpmfrom which 
the larval skin has just heen cast, and are trans- 
parent, are the fittest objects for examination. 
The primitive and generalized condition of 
the semixmpal wing is shown in Spider’s figure 
of Cerurn vhinht (fig. 48), to which we have 
added the numbering of all the veins. He shows 
that the fundamental jinpal venation of Lepi- 
doptera will also apply to Orthoptera (Blatta), 
Heiniptera, Trichoptera, etc. He proves that 
the cross veins are of quite secondary and suhoi'- 
dinate importance. The results of Binder’s in- 
vestigations, extended through difiereiit groups 
from Tineiiia to Rhopalocera, and illustrated by 
many figures, are both interesting and convine. 
ing. The comparison of the venation of the 
fore wing of the adult of Gmcilaria syrinf/eUa 
(fig. 49, A), compared with that of its seinipupa 
(fig. 49, B), shows that the generalized venation of the latter is similar to that of Micropteryx, 
veins lYi IY 2 not being connected by a cross vein with 111 and its branches; and veins II and 
111 with their branches, being separate. The veins and their numbering are indicated by Si>uler’s 
figure of Tahvporia pseudohombifcella and one we Lave drawn of IlepUdus musielinuH (fig., 51). 
Fig. 51.— Venation of Hepialue mustelinus; d, anterior ; d', posterior 
discal vein ; j, jugum. 
