262 
MEMOIES OF THE KATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
Oi-oiio, Me. (Mrs. Feruald); Erunswiek, Me. (Packard); Lawrence, Mass. (Mr. Treat, Mus. 
Comp. Zook); Providence, E. L (Packard); Kew YMrk (Dyar, Hulst); Plattsburg, X. Y. (TIudsou); 
Pennsylvania (Grote, Amer. Ent. Soc.); New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm); Georgia (Leconte); 
Maryland (Miis. Comp. Zool). Larva found on Indian Eiver opposite Micco, Fla. (Prof. J. AY. P. 
Jenks). 
Subfamily Ceritrinje. 
Head broad and full; antenme with long, close pectinations in both sexes, in $ the branches 
being unusually long. Labial palpi reduced, three-jointed, the third and other joints when 
denuded not being distinct, while the scales are slender and siiarse compared with those of other 
i^otodontians. Fore wings moderately long and naiTOw, the outer edge- either quite oblique or 
moderately so. Hind wings generally produced. Abdomen often broad and very hairy at the end 
in S . Color, white or pale ash, with brown-black transverse lines, sometimes eight in number; 
a discal ringlet; thorax and abdomen transversely strix>ed. 
Cocoon A’ery dense, oval, llattened, the edges broad and thin; well rounded above. Often 
covered with bits of bark and wood. Attached to the bark of trees. 
Piixia cylindrical, a little flattened beneath; rounded at each end; with no cremaster. 
Larva with abroad prothoracic segment, in which the head is ])artially retractile, and bearing 
a pair of lateral tubercles. Anal legs converted into long slender fllamental legs (stemapoda), 
each ending in an eversible flagellum. Young larva with a pair of long, horn like prothoracic 
tubercles, and the stemapods a little longer than the body. 
The following account of the mode of emergence of the Ceruras from their cocoons, by 
Dr. T. A. Chapman, will prove interesting: 
Some piqiii? are ablo to turn aroiinn in tlioir cocoons, but T think the majority have their hocks to the tree and 
their fronts to the exposed portion of the cocoon, and are practically tixed in their position. Tlien all the cocoons 
I have examined (thirty or forty) have a decidedly thinner jdaco over the front of the head; it is larger than the 
cross section of the pupa; it contains fewer chips, and, held against the light, is quite translucent, while therest 
of the cocoon is opaque. This is the portion of cocoon that is operated on for eiuergeuce. 
I stated (loc. cit.) that the pupa* of our Ceruras were fairly rounded in front; in this I was decidedly iu error, 
for viiuila has nearly us pronounced a keel on the head as C. mtiliiscnpta, to which I referred. Our ‘‘kittens’’ are 
much sniootlior, though the sumo structure is indicated. It was obsers’ing this structure of viuuht that tempted me 
to try to make further observations. I made a detailed descriidiou of this portion of the ]uipa of rhiuhi, but I 
may omit it, as I made no observations that connected any habit with any peculiarity of this portion of the ])upie. 
The dehiscence of the xnipa consists in the thorax splitting dorsally and the division, proceeding to either .side, 
separating the wings from the iirst three abdominal segments; the antenme cases soiiietiiues adhere to the wings, 
sometimes are separate; the leg and mouth-part coverings form a separate piece, whose apex tends to adhere to 
wings and abdomen. But the head covering, eonsistiug of the ridge (or keel) and hollow on either side of it, the 
eye covers (including the glazed side portion), the face down to a certain incision, and a small portion below which 
is probably the labruni, separates as a distinct portion during tbo whole period of emergence and nntil the head 
is quite clear of the cocoon and often oven after the moth has completely escaped, and is always fonnd outside the 
cocoon. During this period the rudimentary proboscis is very visible as two short white pajulhe, free from any 
hairs, and it is just above the base of these that the softening fluid exudes. This fluid is stated to bo acid; this I 
did not test, but I found it to be colorless and tasteless, and it evaporated without residue; applied to the material 
of cocoon it softened it, but not at all raiiidly. The moth makes many rotatory movements after the splitting of 
the pupa case, no doubt in order to smear his fluid over the necessary area of the cocoon, and we here see how 
little further is Avanted to reach a habit similar to that of milhatiser}, especially as the smearing i)rocos8 and delay 
for softening takes a considerable time, probably more than five minutes, possibly half an hour. This appears also 
from the amount of fluff rubbed about inside the cocoon iu many cases. The moth keeps huite dry, and the head 
cover is dry outside, but moist Avithin, when removed from the ncAvly emerged moth; its function appears to be to 
protect the front of the moth during the movements of siueariug and as a strong medium for applying the linal 
breaking force to the cocoon. This use of this portion of the jiuxia case is by no means confined to Ceruru, but is 
common to many moths that have to break through cocoons or out of the ground. It has, however, nothing to do 
A\dtli the actual distribution of the fluid, so far as my observations Avero decisive. 1 made one other observation 
that added a noAV point to bo explained, xiz, that when the moth emerged it often brought Avith it pieces of very 
delicate tissue that I passed over at first as being portions of the inner divisions of the iiupacaso; they iiroved, 
hoAvever, to be bits of the inner lining of the cocoon. The Avail of a sound cocoon appears to bo homogeneous; hut 
in a cocoon where 1 stopped the moth before breaking it open, but after softening, this iuuer layer of very flue 
membrane is quite visible. I could not help framing several theories as to this, hut as I know' no more than I Inu'e 
stated, the theories may for the present remain iu abeyance. (Entomologist, xxa', pp. 302-304, Dec., 1892. Loudon.) 
