6 
shortened near a joint, leaving one of it» 
feathers for the future branch. But if any 
of those shoots are wanted to fill a bare 
side in a tree, it may, whilst it is young, 
be tied downwards to its mother stem with 
a strand of bass-mat: this in the course of 
one season, stops the luxuriant growth, and 
gives it a horizontal direction. All up- 
right branches are the most liable to be 
torn away by high winds; therefore they 
should be carefully watched in all kinds of 
trees, and cut off when they are young. 
The same method answers for orchard 
trees : they should be trained as they ad- 
vance in groAvth, with regular light tops, 
displacing all awkward shoots before they 
get to be two years old. 
In seasons like 1816, when the frosty 
nights began to be severe in September, 
the young shoots of many trees, particularly 
orchard trees, were frosted before the wood 
had time to harden. A very disa^^reeable 
appearance was exhibited the season fol- 
lowing, the young shoots being all killed : 
when this occurs, it not only destroys the 
appearance of the trees, but is injurious 
in producing the canker. The best me- 
thod in this case is the following : — as soon 
the fruit is gathered, before the fall of 
